A nurse is assessing a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Which of the following is a common sign of COPD exacerbation?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Increased shortness of breath. During a COPD exacerbation, airflow limitation worsens, leading to increased difficulty in breathing. This is a common sign due to air trapping and inflammation in the airways. Sudden weight gain (A) is not typically associated with COPD exacerbation. Decreased heart rate (C) is not a common sign and is more likely to occur in other conditions. Increased energy levels (D) are unlikely during a COPD exacerbation as the body is under stress from impaired lung function.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Apply a sterile dressing. This is the most important intervention to prevent infection and protect the wound. Applying a sterile dressing helps maintain a clean environment, reduces the risk of contamination, and promotes wound healing. Administering fluids (B) may be necessary but is not the top priority. Administering IV antibiotics (C) may be required but is secondary to wound care. Monitoring for bleeding (D) is important but addressing the wound with a sterile dressing takes precedence to prevent infection.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: "Is there anything else you would like to mention?" This question allows the patient to share any additional information or concerns before concluding the interview. It shows empathy and ensures thorough communication. Choice A is not the best option as it may suggest the nurse is rushing or has overlooked something. Choice C is inappropriate as it lacks empathy and may make the patient feel rushed. Choice D is also incorrect as it shifts the focus to a different topic instead of allowing the patient to express any remaining issues or questions.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: dominant health care culture. The scenario illustrates the influence of the dominant health care culture, where the daughter, as a dental hygienist, is advocating for her mother to follow the plan of care based on her professional knowledge and beliefs. This highlights the power dynamics and authority within the healthcare system, where individuals with certain expertise may exert influence over others, even family members. This is distinct from generational differences (A) which focus on age-related disparities, lack of respect for independence (C) which emphasizes autonomy and decision-making, and critical cultural perspective (D) which involves a deeper analysis of cultural influences on healthcare interactions.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Administer antihypertensive medication. In a hypertensive emergency, the priority is to lower blood pressure quickly to prevent organ damage. Antihypertensive medications like nitroprusside or labetalol are used for this purpose. Placing the client in a comfortable position and administering oxygen (B) may be beneficial, but lowering the blood pressure is the primary action. Monitoring blood pressure and administering antihypertensive medication (C) is correct, but the emphasis should be on immediate intervention. Monitoring the client's ECG (D) is important but not the primary action in a hypertensive emergency.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Administer nitroglycerin. This is the priority intervention because nitroglycerin helps dilate blood vessels, reducing chest pain in clients with heart disease. It improves blood flow to the heart, relieving ischemia. Morphine (B) can mask symptoms and should be used if pain persists after nitroglycerin. Beta blockers (C) are beneficial in chronic management but not for immediate relief. Aspirin (D) helps prevent clot formation but is not the priority in acute chest pain.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because stopping medication without doctor's approval can be harmful. Step 1: Explain the importance of adhering to medication schedule in liver disease management. Step 2: Emphasize that feeling better doesn't mean the disease is cured. Step 3: Highlight potential consequences of stopping medication prematurely. Other choices are correct: A: Avoiding alcohol is essential. B: Following medication schedule is important. D: Maintaining a healthy diet supports liver function.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Correct Answer: B (Administer nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs - NSAIDs) Rationale: 1. NSAIDs are commonly used for chronic pain management due to their anti-inflammatory properties. 2. NSAIDs target the underlying inflammation that often contributes to chronic pain. 3. Opioids may be reserved for severe pain due to their potential for addiction and side effects. 4. Monitoring blood pressure is important but not the primary intervention for chronic pain. 5. Acetaminophen is a mild pain reliever and may not be as effective for chronic pain compared to NSAIDs.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Administer antibiotics. In sepsis, timely administration of antibiotics is crucial to combat the underlying infection. Antibiotics target the bacteria causing the sepsis, helping to prevent further spread and worsening of the condition. Administering IV fluids (choice A) is important to maintain blood pressure, but antibiotics take precedence in treating the infection. Providing fluids (choice C) is also important but not the priority over antibiotics. Administering oxygen (choice D) may be necessary for respiratory support in severe cases of sepsis, but it does not address the root cause of the condition like antibiotics do.