A nurse in an emergency department is assessing a client who has been taking warfarin and is experiencing rectal bleeding. Which of the following drugs should the nurse expect to administer to the client?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Vitamin K. Vitamin K is the antidote for warfarin, an anticoagulant medication that can cause bleeding. It promotes the production of clotting factors in the liver, helping to stop the bleeding. Filgrastim (A) is a medication used to increase white blood cell production, not relevant in this situation. Deferoxamine (B) is used to treat iron toxicity, not applicable here. Protamine (C) is the antidote for heparin, another anticoagulant, not warfarin.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Dietary modifications. Warfarin is an anticoagulant that works by inhibiting blood clotting factors, affected by vitamin K in the diet. Clients on warfarin need consistent intake of vitamin K-rich foods to maintain stable blood levels. A nurse should educate the client to have a steady intake of vitamin K-containing foods and avoid drastic dietary changes. Sleep, fluid, and driving modifications are not directly related to the effectiveness of warfarin.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Deferoxamine. Deferoxamine is a chelating agent used to treat iron toxicity by binding with excess iron in the body and promoting its elimination through urine or feces. It is the specific antidote for iron poisoning. Flumazenil (A) is used to reverse benzodiazepine overdose, acetylcysteine (B) is used to treat acetaminophen overdose, and naloxone (C) is used to reverse opioid overdose. These drugs are not appropriate for treating iron toxicity.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Increase in cytoplasm relative to the nucleus. In reactive states, lymphocytes can enlarge due to increased cytoplasmic volume to accommodate higher metabolic activity. This change is known as a lympho-morphologic change. Choice A is incorrect because a decrease in cytoplasm relative to the nucleus is not typically seen in reactive states. Choice C is incorrect as an increase in nucleus relative to cytoplasm is not a characteristic change in reactive lymphocytes. Choice D is incorrect because a decrease in size is not typically observed in reactive states where lymphocytes may enlarge due to activation.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Palmer pallor. Pallor refers to paleness of the skin, and Palmer pallor specifically refers to paleness of the palms. In the context of anaemia, a common symptom is pallor due to decreased red blood cells and oxygen-carrying capacity. Insomnia (choice A), fever (choice C), and angina (choice D) are not typically associated with anaemia. Insomnia is a sleep disorder, fever indicates an infection or inflammation, and angina is chest pain due to reduced blood flow to the heart. So, Palmer pallor is the most relevant sign to indicate anaemia among the given choices.