A nurse has seen several clients at a community health center. Which of the clients would be most at risk for developing an infection?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: An older adult with several chronic illnesses. This client is most at risk for developing an infection due to a weakened immune system associated with aging and chronic illnesses, making them more vulnerable to infections. Older adults often have decreased immune function, making them more susceptible to infections. Additionally, chronic illnesses can further compromise the immune system. Summary of other choices: B: An infant who has just received first immunizations - While infants may experience mild side effects from immunizations, they are not at increased risk for developing infections. C: An adolescent who had a basketball physical - Adolescents are generally healthy and active, and having a physical exam does not increase their risk of developing an infection. D: A middle-aged adult with joint pain and stiffness - Joint pain and stiffness do not directly increase the risk of developing an infection unless there are underlying conditions compromising the immune system.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct rationale for using body substance precautions is D: All body substances are considered potentially infectious. This is because various body substances, such as blood, saliva, urine, feces, and respiratory secretions, may contain pathogens that can transmit infections. This precaution is crucial to prevent the spread of infectious diseases, as pathogens can be present in any body substance, even if the person is not showing signs of active infection. Options A, B, and C are incorrect because they underestimate the potential risk of transmission and do not provide comprehensive protection against infectious agents.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because avoiding jewelry with prongs or protruding stones helps prevent injuries to the client during care. Jewelry can also harbor bacteria, leading to infections. A is incorrect because physical contact is often necessary for providing care. C is incorrect as isolation is not always required and can lead to feelings of loneliness. D is incorrect as linens should be handled carefully to prevent the spread of infection, not shaken.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Hand hygiene must be performed after contact with inanimate objects near the client. This guideline is crucial as it helps prevent the transmission of pathogens from contaminated surfaces to the patient. The rationale is that even after using gloves, hand hygiene is essential to ensure thorough cleaning and prevent cross-contamination. Summary: A: Incorrect. The use of gloves does not eliminate the need for hand hygiene as gloves can still harbor pathogens. B: Incorrect. Hand hygiene is necessary even when gloves are used to further reduce the risk of infection transmission. D: Incorrect. Hand lotions are recommended after hand hygiene to prevent skin dryness and maintain skin integrity.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because smoking affects the cilia lining the upper airways in the lungs, impairing their function in removing mucus and pathogens, leading to increased risk of respiratory infections. This information is crucial for understanding the direct impact of smoking on the body's defense mechanisms against infections. Choice A is incorrect as it focuses on the cosmetic effects of smoking rather than its impact on health. Choice C is incorrect as changes in fingernail color are not directly related to the effects of smoking on infections. Choice D is also incorrect as the cost of smoking, while important, is not directly relevant to the educational session about the effects of smoking on infection.