A nurse has just taken a family history on a 10-week gravid client and created the family pedigree shown below. Each of the darkened symbols represents a person with a serious illness. Which of the following actions should the nurse take at this time?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) Encourage the doctor to send her for genetic counseling. This option is the most appropriate because the family pedigree shows multiple individuals with serious illnesses, indicating a potential genetic predisposition within the family. Genetic counseling can help the client understand the implications of her family history on her pregnancy and future pregnancies. It can also provide information on potential genetic testing options and interventions to mitigate risks. Option A) Advise the woman that she should have an amniocentesis is incorrect because an amniocentesis is typically done to assess chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus, not to address potential genetic predispositions in the family. Option C) Ask the woman if she knew any of the relatives who died is incorrect as it does not address the need for professional genetic counseling to interpret the family pedigree accurately. Option D) Inform the woman that her pedigree appears normal is incorrect as the presence of multiple darkened symbols indicating serious illnesses suggests a potential genetic issue that needs further evaluation. In an educational context, understanding how to interpret family pedigrees and recognizing the importance of genetic counseling in cases of potential genetic risks is crucial for nurses caring for clients with infertility or pregnancy complications. It highlights the importance of a comprehensive assessment and referral to appropriate specialists to provide optimal care and support to clients.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) All female children will be carriers for color blindness. This is because color blindness is an X-linked recessive genetic disorder, meaning the gene responsible is located on the X chromosome. Since the father has green color blindness (an X-linked recessive disorder) and the mother does not carry the affected gene, all male children will inherit the affected X chromosome from the father and will be color blind. However, all female children will inherit one X chromosome from the mother (without the affected gene) and one X chromosome from the father (with the affected gene), making them carriers of the color blindness gene. Option A is incorrect because not all male children will be color blind; they will be affected but not all male offspring will be color blind. Option B is incorrect because females require two copies of the X-linked recessive gene to be color blind, so all female children will not be color blind. Option C is incorrect as all male children will not be carriers for color blindness since they will inherit the affected gene, not just be carriers. This scenario highlights the importance of understanding the inheritance patterns of genetic disorders, particularly X-linked recessive disorders, in providing appropriate genetic counseling to individuals and couples facing infertility or planning to have children. Educating healthcare providers and patients about these genetic principles is crucial in making informed decisions regarding reproductive health.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Progesterone level. Progesterone is the hormone secreted after ovulation, indicating that ovulation has occurred. Monitoring progesterone levels can confirm ovulation. FSH (A) and estrogen (C) levels reflect the ovarian function but do not directly confirm ovulation. Vaginal ultrasound (D) can visualize the ovaries but does not definitively confirm ovulation.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: B: History of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is the leading cause of tubal factor infertility as it can lead to scarring and blockages in the fallopian tubes, hindering the passage of eggs. A: Endometriosis can affect fertility but is not the leading cause of tubal factor infertility. C: Ectopic pregnancy can result from tubal issues but is not the leading cause of tubal factor infertility. D: Asherman's syndrome involves scarring in the uterus, not the fallopian tubes, making it less likely to be the leading cause of tubal factor infertility.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Smoking and alcohol consumption. Smoking and alcohol can negatively impact male fertility by affecting sperm quality and quantity. Smoking can lead to DNA damage in sperm, while alcohol can disrupt hormone levels. High testosterone levels (A) actually do not commonly cause reduced fertility. Frequent use of lubricants (B) may hinder sperm movement, but it's not a common cause. Daily exercise (D) can improve overall health and fertility.