A nurse has decided to increase the evidence base of current nursing practice in an agency. Which of the following describes a barrier that could be encountered by the nurse? (Select all that apply.)

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Correct Answer: A Rationale: 1. Colleagues lacking skills in literature search & research critique hinder evidence-based practice implementation. 2. Nurses rely on each other for support and guidance in improving practice. 3. Lack of research skills can lead to reliance on outdated practices. 4. Improving colleagues' research skills is crucial for enhancing the evidence base in the agency. Summary: - B: Dedication to history & tradition may hinder innovation but not directly related to evidence base enhancement. - C: Limited research in the area poses a challenge, but it's not a barrier that can't be overcome. - D: Inconsistencies in meta-analyses can be addressed through critical appraisal, not a direct barrier to enhancing evidence base.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because upstream determinants of health focus on broader social and environmental factors that influence health outcomes, such as access to healthcare, socioeconomic status, education, and living conditions. This approach emphasizes prevention and addressing root causes of health disparities. Choice B is incorrect because genetic determinants focus on individual biological factors, not broader social determinants. Choice C is incorrect because behavioral determinants focus on individual lifestyle choices, not the broader social determinants addressed by upstream factors. Choice D is incorrect because downstream determinants typically refer to the consequences of health outcomes, rather than addressing the social and environmental factors at the root of health issues.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step 1: Local public health departments protect the health of citizens in their jurisdiction. Step 2: They work in conjunction with state health departments and the CDC for surveillance. Step 3: This collaboration ensures early detection of potential outbreaks. Step 4: The coordinated effort helps in implementing timely interventions. Step 5: Hospitals are regulated by state and federal agencies, not local health departments. Step 6: Quarantine efforts during outbreaks are implemented by the collaboration of local, state, and CDC. Overall, choice A is correct as it accurately describes the formal organization of public health services from a global to local level, emphasizing the collaborative approach between local, state, and national health entities. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not fully capture the hierarchical structure and collaboration involved in public health services.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Proactively promoting health among populations. This is the central tenet of population health because it focuses on preventing health issues before they occur through education, promotion of healthy lifestyles, and addressing social determinants of health. This approach is more effective and cost-efficient in improving overall health outcomes for entire populations. Choice B, Reactively managing health conditions, is incorrect because it focuses on treating health issues after they have already occurred, which is not the primary goal of population health. Choice C, Treating diseases in individual people, is incorrect as it is a more narrow approach that does not address the broader health needs of populations. Choice D, Focusing on increasing the number of hospitals, is incorrect because it does not address the underlying factors that influence population health and does not promote prevention and health promotion strategies.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: General mortality. This data includes all deaths in the population, providing a comprehensive overview of leading causes of death. Infant mortality (A) only focuses on deaths of infants, not the entire population. Life expectancy (B) indicates how long a person is expected to live but does not directly show leading causes of death. Morbidity rate (C) refers to the prevalence of diseases, not specifically the leading cause of death. General mortality (D) is the most appropriate choice as it encompasses all deaths in the population, giving a clear picture of the leading causes of death.