A nurse directs the client interaction and plans for interventions to achieve client goals. According to Peplaus framework for psychodynamic nursing, what therapeutic role is this nurse assuming?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: The role of leader. In Peplau's framework, the nurse in this scenario is assuming the therapeutic role of a leader because they are directing client interactions and planning interventions to achieve client goals. This role involves guiding and facilitating the therapeutic process, fostering a collaborative relationship with the client, and empowering them to make decisions and progress towards their goals. A: The role of technical expert is incorrect because it focuses more on providing specialized knowledge and skills rather than leading and directing client interactions. B: The role of resource person is incorrect as it typically involves providing information and support, but not necessarily directing client interactions and planning interventions. C: The role of teacher is incorrect because while education and guidance are important in nursing, it does not fully capture the leadership and direction involved in the scenario described.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: According to Sullivan's interpersonal theory, childhood is the stage where the foundation of interpersonal relationships is formed. Quarrelsome and opinionated behaviors with little regard for others can be associated with deficits in early childhood development. During this stage, individuals learn emotional regulation, empathy, and social skills. If these skills are not adequately developed in childhood, it can result in maladaptive behaviors in adulthood. Therefore, the correct answer is A. Choice B, early adolescence, focuses more on identity formation and peer relationships. Choice C, late adolescence, emphasizes the transition to adulthood and independence. Choice D, infancy, is too early in development to have a significant impact on the client's current behavior.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because Sullivan and other theorists like him believe that client symptoms are viewed as internal conflicts arising from early childhood trauma. Sullivan emphasized the impact of early relationships on personality development, suggesting that unresolved conflicts from childhood can manifest as symptoms in adulthood. This perspective aligns with psychodynamic theories that emphasize the role of unconscious processes and early experiences in shaping behavior. Choice A is incorrect because it focuses on anxiety arising from interpersonal relationships, which is more aligned with interpersonal theories rather than Sullivan's emphasis on childhood experiences. Choice C is incorrect as it suggests misinterpretations of experiences, which does not fully capture the depth of internal conflicts highlighted by Sullivan. Choice D is incorrect as it simplifies client symptoms as learned behaviors without considering the underlying emotional conflicts rooted in early childhood experiences, as emphasized by Sullivan.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because family therapy sessions can help address underlying family dynamics contributing to the client's depression. This intervention aligns with interpersonal theory, which focuses on improving relationships and communication within the client's social network. Family therapy can enhance support systems and promote healthier interactions. Option B is incorrect as discussing childhood events may not directly address current interpersonal difficulties. Option C, teaching coping skills, is helpful but may not target the interpersonal issues specific to major depressive disorder. Option D, encouraging discussion of feelings, is important but may not address the broader interpersonal dynamics impacting the client's condition.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because the client statement "I'm a morning person. I get my best work done in the a.m." reflects an understanding of circadian rhythms. Circadian rhythms are the body's internal clock that regulates the sleep-wake cycle and influences energy levels and productivity throughout the day. Being a morning person indicates that this individual's peak productivity aligns with their body's natural circadian rhythm, which typically results in better performance during the morning hours. Choice A is incorrect as it relates to a traumatic dream triggering hysteria, not circadian rhythms. Choice B is incorrect as it mentions experiencing sadness in February, which is more likely related to seasonal affective disorder rather than circadian rhythms.