Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Asking probing questions. In this scenario, the nurse's question is intrusive and seeks detailed information that may not be necessary for the patient's care. Probing questions can make the patient feel uncomfortable and defensive, hindering effective communication. By asking why the patient was on the roof while intoxicated, the nurse is not focusing on the immediate care needs of the patient but rather delving into personal details. This type of communication can lead to a breakdown in trust between the nurse and the patient. Summary: A: Changing the subject - This is not the correct choice as the nurse's statement does not involve diverting the conversation to a different topic. B: Defensive response - This is not the correct choice as the nurse's statement is not defensive but rather inquisitive. C: Inattentive listening - This is not the correct choice as the nurse is actively engaging in conversation with the patient, albeit in a probing manner.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because appropriate self-disclosure in a therapeutic setting should be brief, focused, and only used if the experience is similar to the patient's situation. This helps to build rapport and create a sense of empathy without overstepping professional boundaries. Choice A is incorrect because discussing intimate or personal values with patients can lead to boundary issues. Choice B is incorrect because keeping secrets with or for a patient can compromise confidentiality and trust. Choice C is incorrect because expressing that you are the only one who truly understands the patient can create a power dynamic that is not conducive to a therapeutic relationship.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Step 1: The patient is tearful and slow in speech when talking about her husband's death. Step 2: Verbal message: Discussing husband's death, Nonverbal message: Tearful and slow speech. Step 3: Verbal and nonverbal messages are congruent - sadness is reflected in both. Step 4: This congruency indicates genuine emotions and honest communication. Step 5: Therefore, choice C is correct as it demonstrates communication congruency. Summary: Choice A: Incongruent communication - smiling and laughing contradict feelings of loneliness and depression. Choice B: Incongruent communication - hand-wringing and pacing contradict denial of being upset. Choice D: Incongruent communication - stating comfort while frowning and teeth clenched contradict each other.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because assuming the patient can understand shows respect and preserves their dignity. Speaking slowly and clearly allows the patient more time to process information. Choice A is incorrect as shouting may further confuse the patient. Choice C is incorrect as direct communication with the patient is essential.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because conducting a cultural assessment allows the nurse to understand the client's unique health beliefs and behaviors. This helps in providing culturally sensitive care and promoting effective communication. Choice A is incorrect as it focuses on generalizing health beliefs of a population without considering individual variations. Choice C is incorrect as it does not directly address the client's specific needs. Choice D is incorrect because standard communication techniques may not be culturally appropriate or effective in this situation. Conducting a cultural assessment is essential for providing client-centered care.