A nurse advises a client with osteoporosis to have three servings of milk or dairy products daily. Which of the following levels of prevention is being used by the nurse?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Secondary prevention. The nurse is engaging in secondary prevention by recommending the client to consume three servings of milk or dairy products daily to prevent further bone loss in osteoporosis. Secondary prevention aims to detect and treat a disease in its early stages to prevent complications. In this case, the nurse is intervening early to prevent worsening of osteoporosis. A: Primary prevention focuses on preventing the disease from occurring in the first place. C: Tertiary prevention involves managing and improving the quality of life for individuals already diagnosed with a disease. D: Treatment, but not prevention, would involve managing symptoms or complications of a disease without focusing on preventing further progression.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Clinical trial. A clinical trial is the most appropriate type of study to identify the long-term benefits and risks of a nursing intervention in senior citizens. Clinical trials involve controlled experimentation with participants assigned to different groups, allowing for comparison of outcomes over time. This design enables researchers to assess the effectiveness and safety of interventions in a systematic and rigorous manner. Explanation of why other choices are incorrect: A: Cross-sectional study - This type of study provides a snapshot of a population at a specific point in time and does not allow for the assessment of long-term benefits and risks. B: Ecological study - Focuses on group-level data rather than individual-level data, making it less suitable for assessing individual outcomes over time. D: Retrospective analysis - Involves looking back at historical data, which may not provide the necessary controlled environment to evaluate the long-term effects of a nursing intervention.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A. Sexually active students currently receiving treatment for an STD should be encouraged to attend the STD screening because they are at high risk for having or transmitting STDs. They need regular monitoring and follow-up to ensure successful treatment and prevent the spread of infections. Choice B is incorrect because students who had been screened the previous year may have engaged in risky behaviors since then and could have contracted an STD in the meantime. They should still attend for regular screening. Choice C is incorrect because although these students may not currently be sexually active, their future sexual behavior is uncertain. Regular STD screenings are important for all sexually active individuals, regardless of their current activity. Choice D is incorrect because even if students do not "go all the way," they can still be at risk for STDs through other sexual activities. Regular screenings are recommended for all sexually active individuals to ensure early detection and treatment of infections.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Agent, host, environment. In the epidemiological triad, these factors interact to determine the occurrence and distribution of a disease. The agent is the cause of the disease, the host is the individual affected, and the environment includes external factors influencing the disease transmission. This triad helps in understanding the dynamics of disease spread. Choice B focuses on elements of descriptive epidemiology, not the triad. Choice C includes elements of the chain of infection, not the triad. Choice D includes components of the chain of infection, not the triad.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Experimental. In an experimental study, researchers actively manipulate the variables, in this case, assigning individuals to receive different formulations of the blood pressure medication. This allows for controlled comparisons between the two formulations. Observational studies (B) do not involve intervention or manipulation. Case-control studies (C) compare individuals with a certain condition to those without, and cohort studies (D) follow a group of individuals over time to observe outcomes, but they do not involve random assignment of interventions like in this scenario.