A nurse advises a client with osteoporosis to have three servings of milk or dairy products daily. Which of the following levels of prevention is being used by the nurse?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The nurse advising the client with osteoporosis to have three servings of milk or dairy products daily is an example of secondary prevention. Secondary prevention aims to detect and treat a disease in its early stages to prevent complications. In this case, the nurse is recommending dietary changes to prevent further bone loss or fractures in the client with osteoporosis, which aligns with the goals of secondary prevention. Choice A (Primary prevention) focuses on preventing the disease from occurring in the first place, such as promoting healthy lifestyles to prevent osteoporosis. Choice C (Tertiary prevention) aims to manage and improve the quality of life for individuals already diagnosed with a disease, which is more advanced than the scenario provided. Choice D (Treatment, but not prevention) involves addressing the disease after it has already occurred, rather than taking proactive measures to prevent further complications.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Clinical trial. In this scenario, a clinical trial is the most appropriate study design to identify the long-term benefits and risks of a nursing intervention. Clinical trials involve the systematic study of interventions in human subjects to evaluate their effects on health outcomes. By conducting a clinical trial, the nurse researcher can control variables, monitor participants over an extended period, and assess the intervention's impact on senior citizens living in the community. Cross-sectional studies (A) are snapshots in time and do not provide information on long-term outcomes. Ecological studies (B) analyze population-level data and may not offer individual-level insights. Retrospective analysis (D) involves looking back at historical data and may not capture real-time long-term effects of interventions.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because sexually active students currently receiving treatment for an STD are at a higher risk of contracting and spreading STDs. By encouraging them to attend the screening, the nurse can monitor their progress and prevent further transmission. Choice B is incorrect because students who had been screened the previous year may have engaged in risky behavior since then, so regular screening is necessary. Choice C is incorrect as these students are not currently at risk of STDs, so their attendance is not crucial for this particular screening. Choice D is incorrect because even if students do not engage in penetrative sex, they can still contract and transmit STDs through other sexual activities.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The epidemiological triad consists of three components: agent, host, and environment. The agent is the cause of the disease, the host is the individual affected by the disease, and the environment includes external factors influencing the disease transmission. These factors interact to determine the occurrence and spread of diseases. Choice A is correct as it accurately represents the components of the epidemiological triad. Choices B, C, and D do not represent the complete triad and are therefore incorrect. Choice B focuses on descriptive aspects, while Choice C includes mode of transmission instead of the environment, and Choice D includes portal of entry and exit, but misses the host and environment components.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Experimental. In an experimental study, researchers randomly assign participants to different groups to test the effects of an intervention. In this case, participants are randomly assigned to receive either the currently available formulation or the new slow-release formulation of the blood pressure medication. This random assignment helps minimize bias and allows for causal inferences to be drawn. Incorrect Choices: B: Observational studies do not involve random assignment of participants to different groups receiving different interventions. C: Case-control studies compare individuals with a specific outcome to those without the outcome, but do not involve random assignment. D: Cohort studies follow a group of individuals over time based on exposure status, but do not involve random assignment to different interventions.