A normal glomerular filtration rate is

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B (80 to 125 mL/min) because this range reflects the normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in adults. GFR measures the rate at which blood is filtered by the kidneys, typically around 125 mL/min. A GFR below 60 mL/min indicates kidney dysfunction, making option A incorrect. Option C (125 to 180 mL/min) is above the normal range. Option D (more than 189 mL/min) is too high and could indicate hyperfiltration, common in conditions like diabetes. Therefore, choice B is the most appropriate within the normal GFR range.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The elevated BUN and creatinine levels with a normal BUN/creatinine ratio indicate impaired kidney function. This pattern is commonly seen in acute kidney injury, such as acute tubular necrosis (ATN). In ATN, there is damage to the renal tubules leading to decreased excretion of waste products, resulting in elevated BUN and creatinine levels. The normal BUN/creatinine ratio suggests that the impairment is due to renal tubular dysfunction rather than prerenal causes like hypovolemia or postrenal causes like urinary obstruction. Increased nitrogen intake would not produce this specific pattern of results. Fluid resuscitation would likely result in dilution of BUN and creatinine levels, leading to lower values.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C (80 mL/hour) because the minimum acceptable urine output for a patient is approximately 0.5-1 mL/kg/hour. For a 75 kg patient, this equates to 37.5-75 mL/hour. Therefore, an output of 80 mL/hour is within this range and is considered minimally acceptable. A: Less than 30 mL/hour is incorrect because it is below the recommended range for a 75 kg patient. B: 37 mL/hour is close to the lower end of the acceptable range, but it is not the minimum acceptable output. D: 150 mL/hour is above the recommended range and would be considered excessive for a 75 kg patient.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Ultrafiltration is the correct answer because it involves the removal of plasma water and low-molecular weight particles by using a pressure or osmotic gradient. During ultrafiltration, the pressure gradient pushes the fluid through a semipermeable membrane, separating the substances based on their molecular size. This process allows for the selective removal of unwanted substances while retaining essential components. Dialysis (choice A) involves the removal of waste products from the blood, but it does not specifically target plasma water and low-molecular weight particles. Diffusion (choice B) is the passive movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration and is not specific to the removal of plasma water. Clearance (choice C) refers to the rate at which a substance is removed from the blood and does not involve the mechanism of pressure or osmotic gradient utilized in ultrafiltration.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because assessing the catheter site for redness and/or swelling is crucial for early detection of infection. Redness and swelling are common signs of infection at the catheter site, which requires prompt intervention. Applying a sterile gauze dressing (choice A) is not necessary for a temporary percutaneous dialysis catheter. Replacing the transparent dressing every 10 days (choice B) is not recommended as it can increase the risk of infection. Using the catheter for drawing blood samples (choice D) is not appropriate as it can introduce contaminants and increase the risk of infection. Regular assessment of the catheter site is essential for early detection and prevention of complications.