A normal glomerular filtration rate is

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B (80 to 125 mL/min) because it falls within the normal range of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in adults, which is typically around 90-120 mL/min. GFR represents the amount of blood filtered by the glomeruli per minute and serves as an essential indicator of kidney function. Option A is incorrect as a GFR below 60 mL/min is indicative of kidney dysfunction. Option C is incorrect as a GFR of 125-180 mL/min is considered above the normal range. Option D is incorrect as a GFR exceeding 189 mL/min could indicate hyperfiltration, often seen in conditions like diabetes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: "Recovery is possible, but it may take several months." This response provides a balanced and realistic outlook for the patient. Acute kidney injury can be reversible with appropriate treatment and management. Recovery time varies, and it may take several months for the kidneys to regain function. Option A is incorrect as it inaccurately states kidney injury is always permanent. Option B is incorrect as kidney function returning within 2 weeks is not typical in cases of acute kidney injury. Option C is incorrect as increased urination is not a definitive indicator of kidney recovery. Thus, option D is the best response as it offers hope for recovery while acknowledging the potential time it may take.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: multiplied by 0.85. This adjustment accounts for the smaller muscle mass in women compared to men, leading to lower creatinine production. To calculate GFR, creatinine clearance is multiplied by 0.85 in women to adjust for this difference. This adjustment ensures a more accurate estimation of GFR in women. Choices A and B are incorrect because creatinine clearance is not the same or greater in women compared to men due to the physiological differences in muscle mass. Choice D is incorrect because multiplying by 1.15 would overestimate GFR in women.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Assess the patient's lungs. In rhabdomyolysis, muscle breakdown leads to the release of myoglobin which can cause renal damage. IV fluids and mannitol are given to prevent kidney injury. Assessing the patient's lungs is important to monitor for potential complications such as pulmonary edema, a serious side effect of mannitol therapy. This assessment will help the nurse detect any signs of respiratory distress early on, allowing for prompt intervention. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect: A: Assess the patient's hearing - This is not directly related to the treatment of rhabdomyolysis and mannitol administration. C: Decrease IV fluids once the diuretic has been administered - Decreasing IV fluids prematurely can lead to inadequate hydration and worsen kidney function. D: Give extra doses before giving radiological contrast agents - This is not indicated in the treatment of rhabdomyolysis and can potentially harm the patient.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because it demonstrates an understanding of the relationship between PaCO2 and blood pH according to the principles of acid-base balance. When PaCO2 is acutely elevated, it leads to respiratory acidosis, causing the blood pH to decrease below normal levels due to the accumulation of carbon dioxide. This indicates an acidic environment in the blood. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not address the direct relationship between PaCO2 and blood pH, which is crucial in determining the acid-base balance in a patient.