A nine-year-old boy presented with high-grade fever and a right neck swelling. Examination revealed a large posterior cervical lymph node and a large right axillary lymph node. Biopsy confirmed Hodgkin's lymphoma. This patient's disease falls into which of the following staging classifications:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the staging classifications of diseases like Hodgkin's lymphoma is crucial for effective patient care. In this case, the correct answer is D) Stage II-B. This staging is determined by the presence of enlarged lymph nodes on both sides of the diaphragm, which includes the right axillary lymph node and the large posterior cervical lymph node seen in the patient. Option A) Stage 1-A is incorrect because it involves only a single lymph node region. Option B) Stage 1-B is also incorrect as it involves the presence of additional symptoms beyond just lymph node involvement. Option C) Stage II-A is wrong as it does not account for the involvement of lymph nodes on both sides of the diaphragm. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of recognizing the specific criteria for staging Hodgkin's lymphoma in pediatric patients. Understanding the staging helps in determining the appropriate treatment plan and prognosis for the child. It emphasizes the need for nurses to be well-versed in oncology nursing principles to provide comprehensive care to pediatric oncology patients.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing, understanding different types of anemia is crucial for accurate assessment and intervention. In this case, the correct answer is A) Hereditary microspherocytosis because it is a hemolytic anemia characterized by spherocytes, not microcytes. This condition is inherited and not related to microcytic hypochromic anemia. Option B) Thalassemia is a form of microcytic hypochromic anemia characterized by defective globin chain synthesis. Option C) Iron deficiency is a common cause of microcytic hypochromic anemia due to inadequate iron for hemoglobin synthesis. Option D) Sideroblastic anemia is also a cause of microcytic hypochromic anemia due to impaired heme synthesis. Educationally, understanding the different causes of anemia is essential for nurses caring for pediatric patients. Recognizing the specific characteristics of each type of anemia allows for targeted interventions, such as iron supplementation for iron deficiency anemia. This knowledge also helps in differentiating between various types of anemia based on clinical presentations and laboratory findings, guiding appropriate treatment strategies.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding developmental milestones is crucial for assessing a child's growth and well-being. The correct answer is C) 8 months for most infants to sit steadily unsupported. At around 8 months, infants typically have developed enough strength and balance to sit without support. Option A) 4 months is too early for most infants to sit steadily unsupported. At 4 months, infants are still developing their neck and core strength, which are essential for sitting independently. Option B) 6 months is a common milestone for infants to start sitting with support or propped up, but they may not be able to sit steadily without assistance at this age. Option D) 10 months is on the higher end of the typical range for infants to sit unsupported. By 10 months, most infants should have achieved this milestone, but it is not the most common age for this skill to emerge. Educationally, understanding the timeline of developmental milestones helps pediatric nurses monitor a child's progress, identify any delays or concerns early on, and provide appropriate interventions or referrals. It also informs caregivers about what to expect as their child grows, promoting parent education and involvement in their child's development.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding infant developmental milestones is crucial for providing quality care. The correct answer to this question is B) 2 months. At this age, infants typically begin to smile in response to pleasurable stimuli as part of their social and emotional development. This milestone is known as the social smile and signifies the infant's growing ability to interact and communicate with others. Option A) 1 month is incorrect because infants usually do not exhibit social smiles until around 2 months of age. Option C) 3 months and option D) 4 months are also incorrect as infants typically start smiling in response to pleasurable stimuli earlier, around 2 months. Educationally, understanding infant developmental milestones helps nurses assess the growth and development of infants, identify potential delays or issues early on, and provide appropriate interventions or referrals if needed. It is essential for nurses to be familiar with these milestones to offer comprehensive and individualized care to infants and their families.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the susceptibility to pertussis is crucial for providing effective care and prevention strategies. The correct answer is D) Most children are highly susceptible from birth. This is because pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is highly contagious and can affect individuals of all ages, including newborns. Infants are particularly vulnerable to severe complications from pertussis due to their immature immune systems. Option A is incorrect because neonates are not immune to pertussis in the first few months of life. They are actually at high risk of contracting the disease. Option B is incorrect because while passive immunity can be passed from mother to infant through breast milk or placental transfer of antibodies, this does not provide complete protection against pertussis. Option C is incorrect because children younger than 1 year are actually at higher risk of contracting pertussis due to their vulnerability and incomplete vaccination status. Educationally, knowing the susceptibility to pertussis highlights the importance of timely vaccination, especially for pregnant women to pass on some immunity to their babies, and for healthcare providers to be vigilant in recognizing and managing cases in infants to prevent complications. It also emphasizes the need for public health initiatives to promote vaccination and prevent the spread of this contagious disease.