A mother tells the nurse that she does not want her infant immunized because of the discomfort associated with injections. The nurse should explain that:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, option D is the correct answer: a topical anesthetic, EMLA, can be applied before injections are given. This is the right choice because it addresses the mother's concern about the discomfort associated with injections. By using EMLA cream, the infant's pain and discomfort can be significantly reduced, making the immunization process more tolerable for the child. Option A is incorrect because discomfort associated with injections can be minimized, so it is not something that cannot be prevented. Option B is incorrect because infants do feel pain, and it is important to acknowledge and address their pain during procedures. Option C is incorrect as it dismisses the mother's concern without providing a solution or addressing the underlying issue. In an educational context, it is crucial for nurses to understand and address parental concerns regarding immunizations. By providing education and support, nurses can help parents make informed decisions that are in the best interest of their child's health. Using strategies like topical anesthetics can improve the immunization experience for both infants and parents, promoting better compliance with immunization schedules and ultimately contributing to public health outcomes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is C) spermicides. Spermicides have the highest failure rate among contraceptive methods, even with perfect use, due to their reliance on user application accuracy. Spermicides need to be applied correctly before each act of intercourse to be effective, making them more prone to human error compared to other methods. The progestin-releasing intrauterine device (A) and progestin-only injection (B) are highly effective contraceptive methods with lower failure rates as they do not require daily user compliance. These methods provide long-acting protection against pregnancy. Male condoms (D) are also effective when used consistently and correctly. However, their failure rate is lower compared to spermicides due to their physical barrier mechanism that helps prevent sperm from reaching the egg. In an educational context, understanding the efficacy and failure rates of different contraceptive methods is crucial for healthcare providers, especially in pediatric nursing. By knowing the nuances of each method, nurses can provide accurate information to adolescents and their families, helping them make informed decisions about their reproductive health and contraceptive choices. It also emphasizes the importance of proper education and counseling on contraceptive use to prevent unintended pregnancies and promote safe sexual practices.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this scenario, the most likely cause of the sudden drop in O2 saturation in a full-term baby with meconium aspiration syndrome is option B) endotracheal tube blockade. This is the correct answer because a blockage in the endotracheal tube would prevent the delivery of oxygen to the baby's lungs, leading to decreased oxygen saturation levels. Option A) O2 source supply is less likely to be the cause because if the machine was initially working fine and suddenly there is a drop in O2 saturation, it indicates a problem beyond the oxygen source supply. Option C) self-extubation is also less likely in this situation as it would typically result in sudden desaturation but not due to a drop in oxygen saturation as described in the scenario. Option D) low inspiratory pressure value is an important consideration in mechanical ventilation, but it is less likely to cause a sudden severe drop in O2 saturation compared to an endotracheal tube blockade. Educationally, it is crucial for pediatric nurses to be able to quickly identify and troubleshoot potential complications during ventilation in neonates, especially in critical conditions like meconium aspiration syndrome. Understanding the possible causes of sudden desaturation and knowing how to address them promptly can be life-saving for the infant. Regular training, simulation exercises, and staying updated on best practices in pediatric nursing are essential for nurses to provide safe and effective care to neonatal patients.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing, understanding risk factors for neonatal sepsis is crucial for providing effective care to newborns. The correct answer is D) low birth weight. Low birth weight infants are more vulnerable to infections due to their underdeveloped immune systems and are at a higher risk for neonatal sepsis. A) Maternal diabetes is not directly linked to neonatal sepsis. While diabetes can increase the risk of certain complications during pregnancy, it is not a primary risk factor for neonatal sepsis. B) Maternal hypertension, similarly to diabetes, does not directly contribute to neonatal sepsis. While it can lead to other maternal and fetal complications, it is not a specific risk factor for neonatal sepsis. C) Advanced maternal age is not a direct risk factor for neonatal sepsis. While older maternal age can be associated with certain pregnancy-related complications, it is not a primary factor in the development of neonatal sepsis. Educationally, it is important for nursing students to understand the specific risk factors for neonatal sepsis to provide targeted care and interventions for at-risk newborns. By knowing which factors contribute to neonatal sepsis, nurses can actively monitor and prevent infections in vulnerable neonates, ultimately improving patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the first 2 months of life, a febrile, previously full-term infant is more likely to have sepsis caused by group B streptococci (Option A). This is because group B streptococci are a common cause of early-onset sepsis in neonates, often acquired during birth from the mother's genital tract. It is crucial to identify and treat this promptly to prevent serious complications like meningitis, pneumonia, and sepsis. Option B, pharyngitis caused by group A streptococci, is less likely in this age group as infants are less prone to throat infections compared to older children and adults. Option C, meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis, is also less common in the first 2 months of life and is more prevalent in older children and adolescents. Option D, urinary tract infection caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis, is rare in neonates and infants without underlying conditions predisposing them to UTIs. This question is important for pediatric nursing exam preparation as it highlights the unique susceptibilities of neonates to certain infections based on age and developmental factors. Understanding the common pathogens and clinical presentations in different age groups is crucial for providing effective and timely care to pediatric patients.