A mother brings her one-month-old infant to the clinic for a check-up. Which of the following developmental achievements would the nurse assess for?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is D) Turning the head from side to side. At one month old, infants are expected to demonstrate the ability to turn their head from side to side. This developmental milestone is crucial as it indicates proper neck muscle strength and control, which is essential for feeding and visual exploration. Infants who cannot turn their heads adequately may display signs of developmental delay or muscle weakness. Option A) Smiling and laughing out loud is more commonly seen around 2-3 months of age, as it requires more cognitive and social development. Option B) Rolling from back to side typically occurs around 4-5 months of age, when infants have gained more strength and coordination. Option C) Holding a rattle briefly is a skill that emerges around 3-4 months of age, as it requires the development of better hand-eye coordination and grasp reflex. Educationally, understanding these developmental milestones is vital for nurses working with pediatric patients. By recognizing the expected achievements at various ages, nurses can assess and monitor infants' growth and development effectively. This knowledge enables early identification of any delays or abnormalities, leading to timely interventions and appropriate support for the child and their family.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) 6 years. At this age, most children have developed the fine motor skills and coordination necessary to adequately brush their teeth on their own. It is important for children to start brushing their teeth independently around this age to promote good oral hygiene and prevent dental issues such as cavities. Option A) 3 years is too early for a child to effectively brush their teeth without help. Children at this age typically lack the dexterity to properly clean their teeth. Option B) 5 years may still be too early for some children to brush their teeth independently. While some children may be ready at this age, it is generally safer to wait until they are 6 years old. Option D) 7 years may be a bit late to start encouraging independent tooth brushing. By this age, children should have already established a routine of brushing their teeth on their own. In an educational context, it is important for nurses to provide parents with accurate information on when children should begin certain self-care tasks like tooth brushing. This helps parents promote good oral health habits early on and prevents future dental problems. By understanding developmental milestones, nurses can offer tailored advice to support parents in caring for their child's oral health effectively.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is A) Concrete operations. This is because concrete operational thinking, according to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, typically occurs in children between the ages of 7 to 11 years. During this stage, children develop the ability to think logically about concrete events and objects. They can understand concepts like conservation, reversibility, and classification. In the context of the child's compulsion for collecting things, the nurse would explain to the mother that this behavior is a manifestation of the child's cognitive ability to perform concrete operations. The child is likely organizing and categorizing objects based on specific criteria that make sense to them at this stage of development. Now, let's discuss why the other options are incorrect: B) Formal operations: Formal operational thinking is the final stage in Piaget's theory, typically occurring in adolescence. This stage involves abstract and hypothetical thinking, which is beyond the cognitive abilities of a child who is compulsively collecting things. C) Coordination of secondary circular reactions: This option refers to a stage in Piaget's sensorimotor period, which is not relevant to the cognitive ability related to collecting behavior. D) Tertiary circular reactions: This option also belongs to Piaget's sensorimotor period and does not pertain to the cognitive ability to engage in collecting behavior. In an educational context, understanding Piaget's stages of cognitive development can help nurses and healthcare professionals better comprehend and communicate with pediatric patients and their families. By recognizing the cognitive abilities of children at different stages, healthcare providers can tailor their explanations and interventions to be developmentally appropriate and supportive.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The fundus rises to the umbilicus after birth and remains there for about 24 hours. A fundus that is above the umbilicus may indicate uterine atony or urinary retention. The fundus palpable at the umbilicus is an appropriate assessment finding for 12 hours postpartum. The fundus palpable one fingerbreadth below the umbilicus is an appropriate assessment finding for 12 hours postpartum. The fundus palpable two fingerbreadths below the umbilicus is an unusual finding for 12 hours postpartum; however, it is still appropriate.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Activity can aid the movement of accumulated gas in the gastrointestinal tract. Rectal suppositories can be helpful after distention occurs; however, do not prevent it. Carbonated beverages may increase distention. Ambulation is the best prevention. Abdominal strengthening will not prevent distention.