A mother asks the nurse when she should give her child cough medicine. What is the best response by the nurse?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Cough suppressants relieve dry, disruptive coughs , aiding rest. Green secretions need clearance, fever signals illness, and bronchitis may require expectorants. D targets appropriate use, making it the best response.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Insulin acts via tyrosine kinase receptors, not G-protein-coupled receptors, so that's false. Mineralocorticoids (e.g., aldosterone) bind intracellular receptors, not tyrosine kinase, making that incorrect. Vitamin D binds intracellular nuclear receptors, regulating gene transcription, a true statement and the correct pathway. Adrenaline acts via G-protein-coupled adrenergic receptors, not ligand-gated channels, so that's false. Platelet-derived growth factor uses tyrosine kinase, not cytokine receptors. Vitamin D's intracellular action is key to its role in calcium homeostasis, distinguishing it from membrane-bound receptor mechanisms.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Lithium is primarily used as a mood stabilizer in the treatment of bipolar disorder. One of the therapeutic effects of lithium is its ability to prevent or decrease the incidence of acute manic episodes in individuals with bipolar disorder. By regulating neurotransmitter levels and affecting intracellular signaling pathways, lithium helps to stabilize mood and prevent the extreme highs of mania. It does not have a direct effect on blood glucose maintenance, control of hyperglycemia, or seizure activity, which are unrelated to its primary mechanism of action in managing mood disorders.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Loop diuretics are the most effective diuretics for patients with significantly reduced kidney function, like a creatinine clearance of 20 mL/min. Loop diuretics, such as furosemide, act on the ascending loop of Henle to inhibit sodium and chloride reabsorption. They are able to produce a rapid and potent diuresis even in patients with impaired renal function. This class of diuretics is commonly used in patients with acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease to promote diuresis and manage fluid overload.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Taking an aspirin tablet 30 minutes before taking nicotinic acid (niacin) can help minimize the undesirable effects such as flushing, itching, and rash. Aspirin helps to reduce these side effects by blocking the prostaglandin synthesis that mediates the flushing response associated with niacin therapy. This intervention can improve medication adherence and tolerance in patients who experience discomfort with nicotinic acid therapy.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The elderly above age 65 years are the largest consumers of blood and blood products due to the higher prevalence of chronic diseases, surgeries, and medical conditions that require transfusions, such as anemia, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. While premature infants and children may require blood products, their overall usage is lower compared to the elderly population. Adults aged 21-64 also use blood products, but the demand is highest among the elderly due to their increased healthcare needs.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Biliary excretion (e.g., rifampin) can prolong a drug's action via enterohepatic recycling-reabsorption from the gut extends duration, a key assessment point. Side effects don't inherently increase or decrease-dose and metabolism matter. Reduced effect assumes loss, not recycling. Prolonged action reflects pharmacokinetics, guiding monitoring for efficacy and toxicity.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Scopolamine prevents motion sickness via anticholinergic action. Applying prior to symptoms -ensures prophylaxis. After nausea (A, B) or vomiting is too late. Memory loss is a side effect, not timing. Preemptive use maximizes efficacy for her cruise.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Finasteride is an FDA-approved medication for male pattern baldness (androgenetic alopecia). It works by inhibiting the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, which is responsible for hair follicle miniaturization. Dexamethasone (A), para-aminobenzoic acid (B), and mupirocin (C) are not used to treat hair loss.