A mastia (complete absence of the breast) is associated with all the following EXCEPT

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric pharmacology, understanding genitourinary assessments is crucial for providing appropriate care. In this case, the correct answer is C) Crohn disease. A mastia, which refers to the complete absence of the breast, is not typically associated with Crohn disease. Poland syndrome (Option A) is characterized by the absence or underdevelopment of chest wall muscles, not the breast itself. Ectodermal dysplasia (Option B) can affect the development of various ectodermal structures like hair, teeth, and nails but is not directly linked to breast absence. Congenital adrenal hypoplasia (Option D) involves underdevelopment of the adrenal glands and is not related to breast development. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of recognizing different conditions that can present with physical anomalies in pediatric patients. It emphasizes the need for thorough assessments and differentiation between various syndromes to provide optimal care. Understanding these associations is essential for healthcare professionals working with pediatric patients to ensure accurate diagnosis and management.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric genitourinary assessment, understanding tumor markers like alpha-fetoprotein is crucial for accurate diagnosis. The correct answer, B) endodermal sinus tumor, does not present with elevated levels of alpha-fetoprotein. This marker is typically associated with hepatocellular carcinoma and yolk sac tumors, making it a useful diagnostic tool for certain ovarian cancers. A) Immature teratoma is often associated with elevated alpha-fetoprotein levels due to its germ cell origin. C) Mixed germ cell tumors can also exhibit increased alpha-fetoprotein due to the presence of yolk sac elements. D) Dysgerminoma, although less common in pediatric cases, can also show elevated levels of alpha-fetoprotein. Educationally, knowing the specific tumor markers associated with different types of ovarian cancers in pediatrics is essential for accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment planning. Understanding these nuances helps healthcare professionals provide optimal care and improve patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) uterine septum. In pediatric genitourinary assessment, understanding common structural uterine anomalies is crucial. A uterine septum is the most common anomaly, characterized by a partition dividing the uterine cavity partially or completely. This anomaly can impact fertility and pregnancy outcomes. Option B) bicornuate uterus is not the most common structural uterine anomaly. It is characterized by a heart-shaped uterus due to incomplete fusion of the Müllerian ducts during development. Option C) unicornuate uterus is a rarer anomaly where one Müllerian duct fails to develop, resulting in a single horn-shaped uterus. It is less common than a uterine septum. Option D) uterine didelphys is also less common and involves complete duplication of the uterus, cervix, and sometimes the vagina. It presents as two separate uterine cavities with two cervixes. Understanding these structural uterine anomalies is important in diagnosing and managing reproductive health issues in pediatric patients. Identifying the most common anomaly, the uterine septum, aids in providing appropriate interventions and counseling for affected individuals.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this case, the most likely diagnosis is minimal lesion nephrotic syndrome (Option C) based on the clinical presentation and lab results. Minimal lesion nephrotic syndrome typically presents with generalized edema, significant proteinuria (4+ protein in urinalysis), hypoalbuminemia (serum albumin 0.9 g/dL), and hyperlipidemia (cholesterol 402 mg/dL). The presence of red blood cells in the urine (2-5 RBCs/HPF) may suggest some kidney damage, but the key indicators here point towards nephrotic syndrome rather than glomerulonephritis. Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (Option A) usually follows a streptococcal infection, presents with hematuria, proteinuria, hypertension, and edema, which are not fully demonstrated in this case. Membranous glomerulonephritis (Option B) typically presents with proteinuria and hematuria but usually not with the severe generalized edema seen in nephrotic syndrome. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (Option D) would typically present with hematuria, proteinuria, and complement abnormalities, which are not fully consistent with the presented case. Educationally, understanding the key clinical and laboratory findings for different renal conditions is crucial for accurate diagnosis and appropriate management in pediatric patients. This case highlights the importance of interpreting a comprehensive clinical picture and correlating it with laboratory findings to reach the correct diagnosis.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of pharmacology and pediatric genitourinary assessment, understanding IgA nephropathy (Berger nephropathy) is crucial. The correct answer, option C, states that IgA nephropathy does not typically present with a low serum complement level. This is accurate because IgA nephropathy is characterized by mesangial deposition of IgA in the kidneys, leading to inflammation and damage, but it does not typically involve complement activation. Option A is incorrect because IgA nephropathy can indeed recur in a transplanted kidney due to the ongoing immune dysregulation. Option B is incorrect as IgA nephropathy is a common cause of recurrent gross hematuria in children. Option D is also incorrect as IgA nephropathy progresses to end-stage renal disease in more than 30% of cases, indicating a significant risk of disease progression. Educationally, understanding the nuances of IgA nephropathy is vital for healthcare providers working with pediatric patients as early detection and management can significantly impact long-term outcomes. Recognizing the key features of IgA nephropathy, such as its clinical manifestations, progression, and potential complications, helps in providing optimal care and treatment interventions for affected children.