A localized infection

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. A localized infection is confined to a specific area of the body, leading to signs and symptoms near the site of infection. This is because the infection remains contained and does not spread throughout the body. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because a localized infection does not necessarily exhibit systemic symptoms like fever and chills, spread throughout the body, or always result in fatality. Therefore, the symptoms being near the infection site is the defining characteristic of a localized infection.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because changing bed linen whenever it is soiled or wet is essential for maintaining cleanliness, preventing infections, and ensuring the resident's comfort and skin integrity. This practice helps to reduce the risk of skin breakdown and promotes overall hygiene. A: Changing bed linen at least twice a day is excessive and unnecessary unless specifically required due to medical reasons. B: Changing bed linen no more than once a week is inadequate and can lead to hygiene issues and discomfort for the resident. C: Waiting for the physician to order bed linen change may result in delays and compromise the resident's hygiene and comfort.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Bacterial deposits. Tartar refers to hardened plaque that forms on teeth due to the mineralization of bacterial deposits. This is the correct choice because tartar is specifically made up of bacteria and their byproducts. A: Clenching the teeth is incorrect as it refers to bruxism. B: Gum inflammation is incorrect as it is known as gingivitis. C: Bad-smelling breath is incorrect as it is called halitosis.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: To convert ounces to milliliters, we know that 1 fluid ounce is approximately 29.5735 milliliters. Therefore, 8 ounces of water would be 8 x 29.5735 = 236.588 mL. However, we should round this to the nearest whole number, giving us 240 mL. This is why choice C is correct. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they do not correctly convert 8 ounces to milliliters. A (120 mL) is half the correct amount, B (80 mL) is less than half, and D (320 mL) is too high.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Chronic renal failure. In chronic renal failure, the kidneys gradually lose their ability to filter waste products from the blood. This leads to a buildup of waste products in the body, causing various complications. Urinary tract infection (B) is an infection of the urinary system, not a disorder related to the kidneys' filtering function. Urinary incontinence (C) is the inability to control bladder function and is not related to the kidneys' filtering ability. End-stage renal disease (D) is the final stage of chronic kidney disease where the kidneys have completely lost their function, leading to the need for dialysis or kidney transplant.