A _____________ is formed when the end of the intestine is brought out of the body through an artificial opening in the abdomen.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Stoma. A stoma is formed when the end of the intestine is brought out of the body through an artificial opening in the abdomen. This surgical procedure is commonly done for patients who have had a colostomy or ileostomy. A stoma allows waste to exit the body when normal bowel function is compromised. Summary of other choices: B: Stomatitis is inflammation of the mouth and lips, not related to intestinal procedures. C: Hemorrhoid is a swollen vein in the rectum or anus, not related to creating an artificial opening in the abdomen. D: Contracture is the shortening or hardening of muscles, not relevant to the formation of a stoma.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Itching. Atopic dermatitis is a type of eczema characterized by red, itchy skin. Itching is a common symptom of atopic dermatitis due to skin inflammation and dryness. It can lead to scratching, which further exacerbates the condition. Other choices are incorrect: A is unrelated to atopic dermatitis, C is not a typical complication, and D may occur but is not a primary problem associated with atopic dermatitis.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Hemoptysis. Hemoptysis refers to coughing up blood from the respiratory tract. "Halo" means breath in Greek, "ptysis" means spitting. Halitosis (A) is bad breath, unrelated to coughing up blood. Hepatitis (C) is inflammation of the liver, not related to coughing up blood. Hypoxia (D) is a condition of low oxygen levels in the body, not related to coughing up blood.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Parkinson's disease. This progressive disease is characterized by rigid muscles, tremors, and a pill-rolling motion of the fingers. Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting movement control. Epilepsy (A) is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures. Meniere's disease (C) affects the inner ear, causing vertigo and hearing loss. Dementia (D) is a syndrome involving a decline in cognitive function. Parkinson's disease is the best fit based on the symptoms described.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Autoimmune. In autoimmune diseases, the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own tissues, considering them as foreign invaders. This leads to inflammation and damage to the body's own cells and tissues. This is different from opportunistic diseases (A), which take advantage of a weakened immune system, progressive diseases (B) that worsen over time but do not involve immune system dysfunction, and infectious diseases (D) caused by pathogens like bacteria, viruses, or parasites. Therefore, the inability of the body to recognize its own tissue characterizes autoimmune diseases specifically, making C the correct choice.