A high school sophomore engages in risky behavior to fit in with his peers. According to Erikson’s theory of human development, which of the following developmental conflicts is this student facing?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is C) Identity versus role confusion according to Erikson's theory of human development. Erikson proposed that during adolescence (ages 12-18), individuals experience the psychosocial crisis of identity versus role confusion. This conflict involves the adolescent's struggle to establish a sense of self and personal identity while navigating social pressures and expectations. Option A) Initiative versus guilt relates to the preschool years, where children begin to assert control and take initiative in their activities. Option B) Industry versus inferiority pertains to the elementary school years, focusing on the development of competence and skills. Option D) Intimacy versus isolation is more characteristic of young adulthood, where individuals seek to form close relationships. In an educational context, understanding Erikson's stages of development can help educators support students as they navigate various challenges and transitions. By recognizing the developmental conflicts individuals may face at different life stages, educators can provide appropriate guidance and interventions to promote healthy psychosocial development. Furthermore, by linking theoretical concepts to real-life examples, educators can help students apply these theories to understand human behavior and development.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pregnancy, weight gain is an essential aspect of maternal and fetal health. A steady and appropriate weight gain is necessary to support the growth and development of the fetus. An excessive or inadequate weight gain can lead to complications for both the mother and the baby. In this scenario, a 6-pound increase from pre-pregnancy weight would indicate insufficient weight gain at 20 weeks of gestation, which could potentially signify a risk to the fetus's growth and development. Option A (6-pound increase) is the correct answer because by 20 weeks of gestation, a pregnant woman should have gained more weight than just 6 pounds. This minimal weight gain could indicate a potential issue with fetal growth and development, warranting further assessment and intervention. Options B, C, and D represent higher weight gains, which would typically be within the expected range for a woman at the end of 20 weeks of gestation. These weight gains are more aligned with the physiological changes that occur during pregnancy and are less likely to raise concerns about inadequate weight gain at this stage. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of monitoring weight gain during pregnancy and the implications it can have on maternal and fetal health. It underscores the role of healthcare providers, particularly nurses, in assessing and addressing deviations from expected weight gain patterns to ensure the well-being of both the mother and the baby.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct response, option B, is the best choice because it provides accurate information to the pregnant woman regarding HIV testing. HIV testing is not typically included in the TORCH screening panel, so additional testing specifically for HIV would be necessary. Option A is incorrect because it gives a timeframe for knowing HIV status without addressing the need for specific testing for HIV. Option C is incorrect as it inaccurately suggests waiting until after delivery for HIV testing, which could delay diagnosis and treatment if needed. Option D is incorrect as it provides false information about the duration of exposure needed for accurate HIV testing. Educationally, this scenario highlights the importance of clear communication with patients regarding HIV testing during pregnancy. It underscores the significance of understanding which tests are included in routine screenings and the need for additional testing if specific concerns arise, such as recent unprotected sex. This knowledge is crucial for nurses and healthcare providers to ensure appropriate care and support for pregnant women.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: During pregnancy, a woman's caloric needs increase to support the growth and development of the fetus. In the second trimester, an additional 340 calories per day are recommended, and in the third trimester, this increases to about 450 calories per day. Therefore, the correct answer is B) 2100 calories. Option A) 1800 calories is incorrect because this level of caloric intake is not sufficient to support the increased metabolic demands of pregnancy. Option C) 2400 calories and Option D) 2700 calories are higher than the recommended caloric increase for the second and third trimesters, which could lead to excessive weight gain and potential health risks for both the mother and the baby. Educationally, it is crucial for healthcare providers and pregnant women to understand the importance of appropriate nutrition during pregnancy. Insufficient or excessive caloric intake can impact maternal and fetal health. By providing accurate information on caloric needs during pregnancy, healthcare professionals can help women make informed choices to support a healthy pregnancy and childbirth.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The minimum recommended fat intake for infants is an essential aspect of pediatric pharmacology and nutrition. In this case, the correct answer is C) 38 grams a day. Infants require a higher percentage of fat in their diet compared to older children and adults to support their rapid growth and brain development. Adequate fat intake is crucial for the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins and for providing energy. Option A) 18 grams a day is too low for an infant's fat intake needs and may not provide sufficient energy or essential fatty acids for proper growth and development. Option B) 28 grams a day is also below the recommended minimum fat intake for infants and could lead to nutritional deficiencies. Option D) 48 grams a day is higher than the minimum recommended fat intake for infants and could potentially exceed the infant's needs, leading to excessive calorie intake. It is important to strike a balance between providing enough fat for growth and development without overloading the infant's diet with unnecessary calories. Educationally, understanding the specific nutritional needs of different age groups, such as infants, is crucial for healthcare professionals working with pediatric populations. By knowing the recommended fat intake for infants, healthcare providers can help parents make informed decisions about their child's diet to support optimal growth and development.