A heart attack is

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Question 1 of 5

A heart attack is

A. damage to cardiac muscle B. Typically from a blocked coronary artery C. Death of brain tissue from blocked arteries in the head D. A & b

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: A heart attack (myocardial infarction) involves cardiac muscle damage due to a blocked coronary artery, not brain tissue death (which is a stroke).

Question 2 of 5

Which of the following statements about AIDS is true?

A. The AIDS vaccine can prevent the spread of HIV B. There is now a treatment for AIDS that is simple and effective C. Using condoms during sex prevents the spread of the virus that causes AIDS D. AIDS patients live no longer than 2 to 3 years

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Condoms reduce HIV transmission, preventing AIDS; no vaccine or simple cure existed in 2012, and survival varies beyond 2-3 years with treatment.

Question 3 of 5

Which of the options below best completes the following statement: NK cell cytotoxicity is mediated by.

A. activating signals B. lack of inhibitory signals C. expression of ligands that stimulate 'death' receptors on target cells D. All of the above

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: NK cell cytotoxicity involves activating signals, lack of inhibition (e.g., low MHC), and death receptor ligands (e.g., FasL), making all options correct.

Question 4 of 5

Complete the following sentence. Somatic hypermutation consists of the.

A. recombination of gene segments to generate the gene encoding the heavy or light chain variable regions of the BCR B. introduction of point mutations into the rearranged VL & VH genes in order to increase antigen affinity C. selection process by which stromal cells present self- antigen to B cells in the bone marrow to control autoreactive B cells D. recognition of specific antigen by a BCR which induces B cell activation and clonal expansion

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Somatic hypermutation introduces mutations in V genes to boost affinity, occurring in germinal centers.

Question 5 of 5

Which of the options below does not describe Î±:Î² T-cell receptor rearrangement:

A. TCR rearrangement is RAG-1 & 2 independent B. Î± chain rearrangement continues until either a productive rearrangement leads to positive selection or the cell dies C. Genes encoding for the Î² chain have D, V and J segments D. The Î± chain has an increased likelihood of rescue because of multiple successive rearrangement events

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: TCR rearrangement requires RAG-1/2, unlike the other accurate descriptions.

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