A group of students is reviewing medications used to treat erectile dysfunction. The students demonstrate understanding of the information when they identify which of the following as being administered by injection?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Papaverine. Papaverine is administered by injection for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. It is a smooth muscle relaxant that helps increase blood flow to the penis, improving erections. Tadalafil, Alprostadil, and Vardenafil are all administered orally and do not require injection. Tadalafil and Vardenafil are phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors, while Alprostadil is available in various forms such as injectable, topical, and urethral suppository, but the question specifically asks for an injection, making B the correct choice.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, as the Clinical Judgment Measurement Model (CJMM) was specifically developed to measure nursing judgment and knowledge of clinical skills. Step 1: The CJMM focuses on assessing how nurses make clinical decisions and apply their knowledge in real-world situations. Step 2: It evaluates critical thinking, problem-solving abilities, and clinical reasoning skills. Step 3: It does not primarily measure expert nursing knowledge (A), define scope of nursing practice (B), or regulate nursing education (C). The other choices are incorrect as they do not align with the main purpose and focus of the CJMM.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The adult in the question demonstrates positive self-esteem, feeling happy and recognizing the relationship between effort and outcomes. This aligns with Level 5 on the mental health continuum, indicating high mental health and well-being. Level 1 represents severe mental health issues, Level 2 reflects low self-esteem, and Level 3 indicates moderate mental health challenges. Therefore, the correct answer is D as it best describes the individual's positive mindset and healthy perspective on life.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Mental illness in an individual was the result of being possessed by demons. During the medieval period, mental illness was often attributed to supernatural causes like demons. This belief led to practices such as exorcisms to 'cure' the person. This answer is correct as it highlights a common belief about mental illness during that time. Summary of why other choices are incorrect: B: A person was removed from a contaminated environment to protect him or her - This choice does not align with the historical perspective of mental health care during the medieval period. C: Exorcisms were used as the primary mode of treatment to cleanse the person of his or her sins - While exorcisms were used, the primary belief was that mental illness was caused by demons, not necessarily sins. D: The focus was on moral treatment to promote the individual's safety and comfort - Moral treatment was a later development in mental health care, not a common belief in the medieval period.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because expressing confusion or disbelief about the death of a loved one indicates unresolved grief. A: Remembering positive memories shows acceptance. B: Engaging in new activities indicates coping and moving forward. C: Acknowledging negative traits is part of the grief process. Overall, D stands out as it shows lack of acceptance and understanding of the loss.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because it acknowledges the patient's feelings without challenging or dismissing them. It shows empathy and validates the patient's emotions, promoting a therapeutic relationship. Choice B may invalidate the patient's feelings. Choice C may come off as confrontational. Choice D assumes the patient's beliefs and may not address their emotional distress effectively.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Smoking. The nurse would be least likely to identify smoking as a factor related to suicide because smoking is not directly linked to suicidal behavior. Poor self-rated health, low education, and drug use are all known risk factors for suicide, as they can contribute to feelings of hopelessness, isolation, and coping difficulties. Smoking, while harmful to physical health, is not typically considered a direct risk factor for suicide. Therefore, the nurse would focus more on exploring the other options to assess the woman's risk for suicide.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Energy drink containers. Energy drinks are often consumed during manic episodes due to their high caffeine content, which can exacerbate manic symptoms. The medic counting energy drink containers is likely assessing the extent of Luc's consumption, providing valuable information for his medical evaluation and treatment. Hypodermic needles (A) are not typically associated with manic episodes. Fast food wrappers (B) and empty soda cans (C) may not be as directly related to exacerbating manic symptoms compared to energy drinks.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because the client stating that he feels better as he interacts more with other clients is a significant indicator of worsening suicidal risk. This change in behavior, from being consistently depressed to feeling better with social interaction, could indicate a sudden shift in mood, which may signal a potential spike in impulsivity and risk-taking behavior, including suicidal ideation. A, B, and D are incorrect: A: Expressing feeling more depressed can be a sign of deteriorating mental health, but it doesn't necessarily indicate an immediate increase in suicidal risk. B: Lethargy and isolation are common symptoms of depression and may not directly correlate with a sudden increase in suicidal risk. D: If the energy level and degree of depression remain the same, it may not indicate a worsening of suicidal risk unless other significant changes in behavior or mood are observed.