Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step 1: Duty to provide care is a fundamental element in proving negligence as it establishes the legal obligation to act with reasonable care to prevent harm to others. Step 2: Proximate cause determines the direct link between the breach of duty and the resulting harm, but it is not a required element for proving negligence. Step 3: Resultant damages are the actual harm suffered due to the breach of duty, but they are the consequence of negligence rather than a required element. Step 4: Breach of duty is important, but it is not the specific element required for proving negligence. It is the failure to meet the duty of care established in element A.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because a living will specifies the medical treatments a patient wishes to receive or refuse in the event they are unable to make decisions. This is important for ensuring the patient's preferences are followed. Choice B is incorrect because a living will does not require an attorney to be present during signing. Choice C is incorrect because it is not a requirement for the patient's physician to act as a witness for the document. Choice D is incorrect because while an attorney can assist in drafting the document, it is not a strict requirement for a living will. In summary, the key aspect of a living will is to outline the patient's preferences regarding treatment decisions in advance, ensuring their wishes are followed in case they cannot communicate them later.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: A: Self-determinism is the right to make one's own decisions about their treatment, including seeking a second opinion. B: Least restrictive environment refers to providing care in the least restrictive setting, not relevant in this case. C: Confidentiality is about protecting patient's information, not directly related to seeking a second opinion. D: Mandates to inform is about mandatory reporting, not related to seeking a second opinion. In this scenario, self-determinism is crucial because it empowers the patient to make informed decisions about their treatment plan, including seeking a second opinion. This right ensures that the patient's autonomy and preferences are respected, aligning with ethical principles of patient-centered care.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D. Religiousness involves community participation in common worship, which is a key aspect of religious practice. This choice reflects the organized and communal nature of religious activities. A: Feeling of connectedness is a general concept that may apply to spirituality but does not specifically define religiousness. B: Way of interpreting life events is more related to personal beliefs and worldview, rather than the communal aspects of religious practice. C: Relationship with a unifying force is more aligned with spirituality and may not necessarily involve organized community participation in worship. In summary, choice D is correct as it directly relates to the communal aspect of religious practice, while the other choices are more general and do not capture the essence of religiousness.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Axis I in the DSM-IV-TR refers to clinical disorders. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) falls under this category as it is a mental health disorder characterized by experiencing a traumatic event. Other choices like paranoid personality disorder (Axis II), anorexia nervosa (Axis II), mental retardation (Axis II), unemployment, and coronary artery disease are not considered Axis I disorders as they do not fall under the classification of clinical disorders in the DSM-IV-TR. Therefore, the correct answer is B because PTSD is a clinical disorder that aligns with Axis I criteria.