A group of nursing students is reviewing the various theories related to the etiology of schizophrenia. The students demonstrate understanding of the information when they identify which neurotransmitter as being responsible for hallucinations and delusions?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why A (Dopamine) is the correct answer: 1. Dopamine hypothesis: Excess dopamine activity is linked to schizophrenia symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions. 2. Studies show antipsychotic drugs targeting dopamine receptors effectively alleviate these symptoms. 3. Dopamine dysregulation theory: Suggests abnormalities in dopamine transmission contribute to schizophrenia. 4. Serotonin, norepinephrine, and GABA are not directly implicated in hallucinations and delusions in schizophrenia.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: The client's experience of pain is real. In complex somatic symptom disorder, physical symptoms are real to the client even if there is no clear medical explanation. It is crucial for the nurse to validate the client's experience of pain to establish trust and promote therapeutic alliance. This approach can help address the underlying psychological factors contributing to the pain. Incorrect choices: A: Opioid analgesics are not always the primary mode of therapy for somatic symptom disorder as they may not address the underlying psychological factors contributing to the pain. C: Complementary therapies can be beneficial in managing pain and promoting overall well-being in clients with somatic symptom disorder. D: Outcomes need to consider not only the biologic aspects but also the psychosocial and environmental factors influencing the client's pain experience.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because it validates the patient's feelings without directly challenging their delusion. By acknowledging the patient's concern about privacy, the nurse shows empathy and maintains a therapeutic relationship. Choice A avoids addressing the patient's underlying fear and may be dismissive. Choice C provides factual information but does not address the patient's emotional needs. Choice D uses confrontational language and may increase the patient's distress by labeling their belief as a symptom of illness. Overall, option B demonstrates empathy and builds rapport with the patient, which is crucial in providing effective care for individuals with schizophrenia.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Fever. This is the highest priority for the client to report because fever can indicate a serious side effect called agranulocytosis, a potentially life-threatening condition associated with clozapine therapy. Agranulocytosis can lead to severe infections due to low white blood cell count. It is crucial to monitor for fever as an early sign of this condition to prevent complications. A: Constipation - While constipation can be a side effect of clozapine, it is not as urgent as fever in this context. B: Blurred vision - Blurred vision is a common side effect of clozapine but is not typically considered a medical emergency. D: Dry mouth - Dry mouth is a common side effect of many medications, including clozapine, and is not as concerning as fever in this scenario.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because psychotherapy is a key treatment for personality disorders, including cluster A disorders like schizoid or paranoid personality disorder. While medications may help manage symptoms, they do not treat the core issues. Option A is incorrect because personality disorders are deeply ingrained and not typically cured. Option B is incorrect as DBT primarily targets emotion regulation in borderline personality disorder. Option C is incorrect as medications are not considered primary treatment for personality disorders.