A group of nursing students is reviewing the history of the development of cognitive therapies over the years. The students demonstrate understanding of the information when they identify which individual as being responsible for first developing cognitive therapy interventions?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Albert Ellis. Albert Ellis is credited with being the first to develop cognitive therapy interventions through his creation of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT). He emphasized the role of irrational beliefs and how they contribute to emotional distress. Freud (B) is known for psychoanalysis, not cognitive therapy. Aaron Beck (A) is known for developing Cognitive Therapy, a form of cognitive-behavioral therapy. De Shazer and Berg (D) are associated with solution-focused brief therapy, not cognitive therapy. Therefore, choice C is correct as Albert Ellis pioneered cognitive therapy with his development of REBT.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because it shows a lack of understanding of a suicide safety plan. This statement indicates an awareness of triggers but does not demonstrate any coping strategies or steps to prevent suicide. In contrast, choices B, C, and D all show elements of a safety plan - engaging in physical activity, relying on a supportive individual, and carrying a suicide prevention resource. In summary, A does not include any proactive measures to address suicidal thoughts compared to B, C, and D.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, "Offering self." This is because when a nurse makes themselves available and provides emotional support, they are offering their presence and support to the client, showing empathy and readiness to assist. This approach helps build a therapeutic relationship and provides a safe space for the client to express their feelings. Now, let's analyze the other choices: A: "Focusing" involves directing the conversation to a specific topic or issue, which is different from providing emotional support. C: "Restating" is a technique used to clarify and confirm understanding of the client's message, not necessarily providing emotional support. D: "Giving recognition" involves acknowledging the client's efforts or progress, which is not the same as offering emotional support. In summary, "Offering self" is the most appropriate choice as it aligns with the nurse's role in providing emotional support and being present for the client in a therapeutic manner.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because according to Freud's psychosexual development theory, the oral stage occurs from birth to 18 months. During this stage, infants derive pleasure from sucking and biting, hence using a pacifier to relieve anxiety is a normal behavior. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they describe behaviors that are not developmentally appropriate for the respective age groups according to Freud's theory. Choice B refers to the latency stage (6 to puberty), choice C suggests the phallic stage (3 to 6 years), and choice D indicates the anal stage (18 months to 3 years).

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Provide a commonly understood diagnostic category for clinical practice. The DSM-IV-TR (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision) is primarily used to standardize the classification of mental disorders for diagnosis and treatment planning in clinical practice. It helps clinicians communicate effectively by providing a common language and set of criteria for diagnosing mental health conditions. Choice B is incorrect because the DSM-IV-TR focuses on classification rather than treatment modalities. Choice C is incorrect as the DSM-IV-TR does not focus on identifying etiologies based on family histories but rather on symptom criteria and patterns. Choice D is incorrect as the DSM-IV-TR does not provide specific optimal treatment outcomes but rather aids in accurate diagnosis and classification.