A group of nursing students is reviewing the history of the development of cognitive therapies over the years. The students demonstrate understanding of the information when they identify which individual as being responsible for first developing cognitive therapy interventions?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Albert Ellis. Albert Ellis is credited with being the first to develop cognitive therapy interventions through his creation of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT). He emphasized the role of irrational beliefs and how they contribute to emotional distress. Freud (B) is known for psychoanalysis, not cognitive therapy. Aaron Beck (A) is known for developing Cognitive Therapy, a form of cognitive-behavioral therapy. De Shazer and Berg (D) are associated with solution-focused brief therapy, not cognitive therapy. Therefore, choice C is correct as Albert Ellis pioneered cognitive therapy with his development of REBT.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because insomnia, particularly early morning awakening, is a common symptom of major depressive disorder. This symptom is often associated with the inability to fall back asleep and can lead to significant fatigue and impairment during the day. It is important to note that sleep disturbances are a key criterion for diagnosing depression. A, B, and C are incorrect because restlessness (choice A) is more commonly associated with anxiety disorders, excessive studying for future goals (choice B) may indicate high achievement motivation rather than depressive symptoms, and unintentional weight loss (choice C) can be a sign of various medical conditions but is not specific to major depressive disorder.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA). GABA is not typically associated with the neurobiologic theories of depression. Norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine are neurotransmitters commonly implicated in depression. GABA is known for its role in anxiety disorders, not depression. Therefore, the need for additional teaching is identified when students select GABA as playing a role in depression.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Running amok. A culture-bound syndrome is a psychological disorder specific to a certain culture or region. Running amok is a term used in Southeast Asia to describe a sudden outburst of violent behavior. Epilepsy, schizophrenia, and major depressive disorder are not culture-bound syndromes as they are recognized and diagnosed worldwide. Therefore, the correct answer is C as it fits the definition of a culture-bound syndrome.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: time pressure. When the transport team is waiting and the client is due for a diagnostic test, time becomes a critical environmental factor for the nurse to consider. Time pressure can impact the timely completion of the test, potential delays in care, and overall patient safety. Medical records (A) are important but may not directly affect the immediate decision-making in this scenario. Resources (B) and task complexity (C) are also important factors, but time pressure takes precedence as it directly influences the urgency and efficiency of the situation.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because according to Freud's psychosexual development theory, the oral stage occurs from birth to 18 months. During this stage, infants derive pleasure from sucking and biting, hence using a pacifier to relieve anxiety is a normal behavior. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they describe behaviors that are not developmentally appropriate for the respective age groups according to Freud's theory. Choice B refers to the latency stage (6 to puberty), choice C suggests the phallic stage (3 to 6 years), and choice D indicates the anal stage (18 months to 3 years).

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C. Having the support of friends is important for mental health, but relying solely on two friends for support may not be sufficient. A well-rounded support system includes various sources such as family, mental health professionals, and community resources. This ensures diverse perspectives and availability of support in different situations. Choices A, B, and D are all valid measures to promote mental health. A: Nutritious foods provide essential nutrients for brain function. B: Relaxation helps reduce stress and promotes mental well-being. D: Sufficient sleep is crucial for mood regulation and cognitive function. Hence, choice C indicates a need for additional teaching on the importance of a comprehensive support network.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Rice with black beans. This choice is correct because it is a high-fiber, plant-based meal that is low in protein, which is important for a client with hepatic encephalopathy. Rice and black beans provide complex carbohydrates and fiber, aiding in ammonia detoxification without increasing protein intake. The other choices are incorrect because: A: A sandwich and milkshake are high in protein and may exacerbate hepatic encephalopathy. C: Cottage cheese and tuna lettuce are high in protein, which can lead to increased ammonia production. D: Three-egg omelette with low-sodium ham is high in protein, which is not recommended for clients with hepatic encephalopathy.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Ineffective Health Maintenance related to homelessness. This is the priority nursing diagnosis because the client's foot infection needs immediate attention to prevent complications. Ineffective Health Maintenance addresses the client's inability to manage health and seek medical care, which is crucial in this case. A: Social Isolation is not the priority as the client is receiving regular care and interaction in the mobile clinic. C: Chronic Low Self-Esteem may be a concern but is not as urgent as addressing the foot infection. D: Imbalanced Nutrition is not directly related to the client's current issue of a foot infection.