A group of nursing students is reviewing information about grief and bereavement. The students demonstrate understanding of the information when they identify which of the following?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because it accurately distinguishes between bereavement and grief. Bereavement refers to the process of mourning, while grief refers to the emotional reaction to loss. This understanding shows comprehension of the concepts involved in coping with loss. Choice A is incorrect because grief and bereavement are not used interchangeably; they represent different aspects of the loss experience. Choice C is incorrect as grief and bereavement both involve confronting the stress and emotions related to loss. Choice D is incorrect as both bereavement and grief can be influenced by culture.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because insomnia, particularly early morning awakening, is a common symptom of major depressive disorder. This symptom is often associated with the inability to fall back asleep and can lead to significant fatigue and impairment during the day. It is important to note that sleep disturbances are a key criterion for diagnosing depression. A, B, and C are incorrect because restlessness (choice A) is more commonly associated with anxiety disorders, excessive studying for future goals (choice B) may indicate high achievement motivation rather than depressive symptoms, and unintentional weight loss (choice C) can be a sign of various medical conditions but is not specific to major depressive disorder.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Albert Ellis. Albert Ellis is credited with being the first to develop cognitive therapy interventions through his creation of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT). He emphasized the role of irrational beliefs and how they contribute to emotional distress. Freud (B) is known for psychoanalysis, not cognitive therapy. Aaron Beck (A) is known for developing Cognitive Therapy, a form of cognitive-behavioral therapy. De Shazer and Berg (D) are associated with solution-focused brief therapy, not cognitive therapy. Therefore, choice C is correct as Albert Ellis pioneered cognitive therapy with his development of REBT.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Ineffective Health Maintenance related to homelessness. This is the priority nursing diagnosis because the client's foot infection needs immediate attention to prevent complications. Ineffective Health Maintenance addresses the client's inability to manage health and seek medical care, which is crucial in this case. A: Social Isolation is not the priority as the client is receiving regular care and interaction in the mobile clinic. C: Chronic Low Self-Esteem may be a concern but is not as urgent as addressing the foot infection. D: Imbalanced Nutrition is not directly related to the client's current issue of a foot infection.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Acceptance that death is a natural part of life. This factor is crucial for hospice nurses as it enables them to approach end-of-life care with compassion and understanding. By accepting death as a natural process, the nurse can provide respectful care without fear or denial. Possessing excellent nursing skills (B) is important but not as impactful as having the right mindset towards death. A healthy personal life (C) can contribute to overall well-being but may not directly impact the nurse's ability to provide respectful care. While the desire to work with both the patient and family (D) is important, it is the acceptance of death that underpins the nurse's ability to provide professional care in the hospice setting.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because gender identity disorders involve distress related to the individual's assigned sex. This is a key characteristic as individuals with this disorder experience a strong and persistent discomfort with their biological sex. Choice A is incorrect as it refers to sexual orientation rather than gender identity. Choice C is incorrect as it describes a different disorder called paraphilic disorders. Choice D is incorrect as it pertains to sexual dysfunctions rather than gender identity disorders. Therefore, the instructor would include discomfort about one's assigned sex when discussing gender identity disorders to accurately educate the students.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, "Offering self." This is because when a nurse makes themselves available and provides emotional support, they are offering their presence and support to the client, showing empathy and readiness to assist. This approach helps build a therapeutic relationship and provides a safe space for the client to express their feelings. Now, let's analyze the other choices: A: "Focusing" involves directing the conversation to a specific topic or issue, which is different from providing emotional support. C: "Restating" is a technique used to clarify and confirm understanding of the client's message, not necessarily providing emotional support. D: "Giving recognition" involves acknowledging the client's efforts or progress, which is not the same as offering emotional support. In summary, "Offering self" is the most appropriate choice as it aligns with the nurse's role in providing emotional support and being present for the client in a therapeutic manner.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Free associations. In this scenario, the patient is asked to say whatever comes to his mind without censoring or filtering their thoughts. This technique is commonly used in psychoanalysis, where the therapist analyzes the patient's free associations to gain insight into their unconscious thoughts and emotions. Dream work (A) involves the interpretation of dreams, not verbal interactions. Gestalt therapy (C) focuses on the present moment and holistic experience, not free associations. Classical conditioning (D) is a form of learning through association between stimuli and responses, not verbal expression.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Provide a commonly understood diagnostic category for clinical practice. The DSM-IV-TR (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision) is primarily used to standardize the classification of mental disorders for diagnosis and treatment planning in clinical practice. It helps clinicians communicate effectively by providing a common language and set of criteria for diagnosing mental health conditions. Choice B is incorrect because the DSM-IV-TR focuses on classification rather than treatment modalities. Choice C is incorrect as the DSM-IV-TR does not focus on identifying etiologies based on family histories but rather on symptom criteria and patterns. Choice D is incorrect as the DSM-IV-TR does not provide specific optimal treatment outcomes but rather aids in accurate diagnosis and classification.