A four-year-old girl, weighing approximately 20kg is admitted in shock after an automobile crash. The initial fluid challenge or bolus should consist of Ringers lactate solution in the volume of

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: 400ml. In pediatric resuscitation, the initial fluid bolus is usually calculated based on weight. The standard recommendation is to give 20ml/kg of Ringers lactate solution in shock. In this case, the girl weighs 20kg, so 20 x 20 = 400ml. This volume helps to restore intravascular volume and improve perfusion. Choice A (200ml) is insufficient for her weight, C (440ml) is slightly excessive, and D (600ml) is too much and could lead to fluid overload and potential complications.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Rationale: D is correct because assessing respiratory status during pregnancy requires a comprehensive approach. Clinical examination, AP and odontoid views, or CT scans help evaluate the airway, breathing, and potential spinal injury. This is crucial to identify impending respiratory failure. Summary of Incorrect Choices: A is incorrect because respiratory assessment is part of the secondary survey, not the primary survey in trauma care. B is incorrect as respiratory assessments do not specifically exclude spinal injuries. C is incorrect as respiratory assessments are not indicated for all trauma patients, but for those with potential respiratory compromise.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Medicare. Medicare is specifically designed as a federal health insurance program for individuals who are 65 years of age or older, individuals with permanent kidney failure, and certain disabilities. It provides coverage for hospital care, medical services, and prescription drugs for eligible individuals. Choice B: Medicaid is a separate federal and state program that provides health coverage for low-income individuals and families. Choice C: Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is a federal agency responsible for ensuring safe and healthy working conditions. Choice D: Health and Human Services (HHS) is a federal department that oversees various health and human services programs, but it is not a health insurance program specifically for the mentioned groups.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Step 1: Ethics refer to moral principles that govern a person's behavior. Step 2: Knowledge of what is right and wrong is fundamental to understanding and applying ethics. Step 3: This aligns with the definition and concept of ethics. Step 4: Other choices are incorrect: - A: Ethics are not solely government-imposed rules. - C: Misdemeanors are legal terms, not directly related to ethics. - D: Ethics are crucial in healthcare for making ethical decisions.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because active listening involves focusing on the speaker and providing feedback to show understanding. By actively engaging with the resident, the NA demonstrates empathy and respect. A is incorrect as it shows distraction, B disrupts the resident's autonomy, and D hinders effective communication by not allowing the resident to speak freely. Active listening fosters a positive relationship and enhances communication skills.