A female client tells nurse Nikki that she has been working hard for the last 3 months to control her type 2 diabetes mellitus with diet and exercise. To determine the effectiveness of the client's efforts, the nurse should check:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: glycosylated hemoglobin level. This test provides an average of blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months, reflecting the client's long-term glycemic control. It is a better indicator of overall diabetes management compared to other options. Urine glucose level (A) only provides a snapshot of glucose levels at the time of testing and is not a reliable long-term measure. Fasting blood glucose level (B) gives a point-in-time reading and may not reflect overall control. Serum fructosamine level (C) reflects average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 weeks, which is shorter than the timeframe needed to assess the client's 3-month efforts.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because chills in a post-op patient could indicate the presence of infection, which is a serious concern post-surgery. The nurse should see this client first to assess for signs of sepsis. Choice A is incorrect as the small area of dark drainage in a gunshot wound client doesn't indicate immediate danger. Choice B is incorrect as the amount of fluid in the drain post-mastectomy is within normal limits. Choice C is incorrect as the absence of drainage in a collapsed lung client isn't an immediate priority compared to potential signs of infection in choice D.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Nurse Katrina would suspect organ rejection in Randy if she observes hypertension. Hypertension can indicate decreased kidney function due to rejection, leading to fluid retention and increased blood pressure. Sudden weight loss (A) is more likely due to other factors like poor appetite or stress. Polyuria (B) is excessive urination and not directly related to kidney rejection. Shock (D) is a severe and life-threatening condition that may occur in cases of severe rejection, but hypertension is a more common and early indicator.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The rule of nines is used to estimate the percentage of body surface area affected by burns. The upper trunk comprises 18% of the total body surface area, making it the largest single area. This is why choice D is the correct answer. The other choices are incorrect because the face and neck (choice A) represent 4.5%, the right upper arm and penis (choice B) represent 4.5%, and the right thigh and penis (choice C) represent 9%, which are all smaller percentages compared to the upper trunk.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because in chronic renal failure (CRF), the kidneys are unable to effectively filter waste products from the blood, leading to elevated levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine. BUN levels higher than 100 mg/dl and serum creatinine levels higher than 6.5 mg/dl indicate impaired kidney function, which is characteristic of CRF. A is incorrect because in CRF, pH tends to be decreased rather than increased due to metabolic acidosis. B is incorrect because in CRF, there is typically a buildup of potassium, magnesium, and calcium in the blood, not an increase in their serum levels. D is incorrect because uric acid levels and phenolsulfonphthalein excretion are not specific markers for CRF. Therefore, C is the correct answer based on the characteristic laboratory findings in chronic renal failure.