A female child, age 6, is brought to the health clinic for a routine checkup. To assess the child's vision, the nurse should ask:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Asking the child if they have any problems seeing different colors is a suitable way to assess their vision during a routine checkup. Issues with colors can indicate potential color blindness or other vision problems. Asking about night vision (choice B) or glare (choice C) might be more relevant in specific situations or with older patients. Inquiring about their performance in school (choice D) could provide information related to vision but is not as direct and specific as asking about color vision.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The parachute reflex typically emerges around 9 months of age and is considered a normal reflex in infants. This reflex is characterized by the infant extending their arms to protect themselves when they feel like they are falling. This is an important protective reflex that helps a child develop their sense of balance and coordination. Persistent rooting is not a normal reflex in a 9-month-old baby, as it typically disappears by 4 months of age. The Moro reflex is typically present in infants and involves an outstretched movement of the arms when startled, so its absence would not be considered normal at this age. A unilateral grasp is also not a normal reflex at 9 months, as infants should be able to show coordinated bilateral movements by this age.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Cerebral palsy is the most common permanent disability in childhood among the options provided. It is a group of disorders that affect movement and muscle coordination due to damage or abnormal development in the brain. Cerebral palsy can occur before, during, or shortly after birth, and it is a lifelong condition that impacts a child's ability to move, maintain balance, and posture. Scoliosis, muscular dystrophy, and developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) are also significant conditions that can lead to disabilities in children, but they are not as prevalent as cerebral palsy in terms of permanent disabilities in childhood.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye. The small intestine's lining is damaged when someone with celiac disease eats gluten, which impairs the absorption of nutrients. Therefore, it is crucial for individuals with celiac disease to avoid wheat and other gluten-containing grains to manage their condition effectively. Sourcers of gluten, like wheat products, need to be eliminated from the diet to prevent symptoms and complications for those with celiac disease. Therefore, teaching the parents of a child diagnosed with celiac disease to avoid wheat would be an essential part of managing the condition.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The ductus arteriosus is a fetal blood vessel that connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta. Its main function is to bypass the non-functional fetal lungs by shunting blood from the pulmonary artery (which carries deoxygenated blood) directly to the systemic circulation, specifically the aorta. This allows oxygenated blood from the placenta to be distributed to the body's organs and tissues without having to first pass through the lungs for oxygen exchange. After birth, when the baby begins to breathe and oxygenate its blood through the lungs, the ductus arteriosus normally closes within the first few days to weeks of life.