A family from Mexico presents to the community health centre. None of the family members speak English, and no one at the health centre speaks Spanish. What will be the most appropriate action on the part of the community health nurse (CHN)?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Finding an interpreter to translate. This is the most appropriate action because it ensures effective communication, maintains confidentiality, and promotes culturally sensitive care. Step 1: Attempting communication using an English-Spanish phrase book (Choice A) may lead to misunderstandings and can compromise the quality of care. Step 2: Calling the local hospital and arranging a referral (Choice B) is not necessary at this stage and may cause unnecessary delays. Step 3: Emphatically stating "No hablo Español" (Choice C) does not solve the communication barrier and may come across as insensitive. Step 4: Finding an interpreter (Choice D) ensures accurate communication, allowing the family to fully participate in decision-making and understand their health care needs.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Primary prevention. By advising the client to have three servings of milk or dairy products daily, the CHN is aiming to prevent osteoporosis from occurring in the first place. Primary prevention focuses on promoting health and preventing diseases before they occur. This recommendation helps in building and maintaining strong bones, reducing the risk of developing osteoporosis. - Choice B: Secondary prevention involves early detection and treatment of a disease to prevent complications. This recommendation is more focused on preventing further bone loss or fractures once osteoporosis is already present. - Choice C: Tertiary prevention aims to minimize the impact of a disease that is already established. The recommendation given is more aligned with preventing the disease rather than minimizing its impact. - Choice D: Treatment, but not prevention, is incorrect as the recommendation is aimed at preventing osteoporosis rather than treating it after it has developed.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Validity. Validity refers to the accuracy of a measurement tool in assessing what it is intended to measure. A regular-sized BP cuff lacks validity when used across all individuals because it does not accurately measure blood pressure in obese individuals (falsely high readings) or small/thin individuals (falsely low readings). A: Reliability refers to the consistency of a measurement tool in producing the same results over time. A regular-sized BP cuff can still be reliable in producing consistent readings, just not valid across all individuals. B: Sensitivity refers to the ability of a test to correctly identify those with the condition. In this case, a regular-sized BP cuff can still be sensitive to detecting high or low blood pressure, but it lacks validity across all individuals. C: Specificity refers to the ability of a test to correctly identify those without the condition. Similar to sensitivity, a regular-sized BP cuff can still be specific in ruling out high or low blood pressure

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice A is correct: 1. Health resource use patterns (e.g., bed occupancy days, client/provider visits) reflect the utilization of health services, indicating access to care and efficiency. 2. Assessing these patterns helps CHNs evaluate the process of delivering community health services. 3. By monitoring resource use, CHNs can identify gaps, allocate resources effectively, and improve service delivery. 4. This measure focuses on the operational aspects of community health, making it essential for process assessment. Summary of why other choices are incorrect: - Choice B: Health risk profiles focus on identifying health risks within specific population groups, not on assessing the process of community health. - Choice C: Incidence and prevalence of leading causes of mortality and morbidity relate to the health status of the community, not the process of community health. - Choice D: Participation of health care providers in local organizations pertains to collaboration and engagement, not the assessment of community health processes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A (Assess, plan, implement, evaluate) because it follows the logical sequence of health program management process. Assessment involves gathering information and identifying needs. Planning entails setting goals and developing strategies. Implementation is the execution of the plan, while evaluation assesses the effectiveness and outcomes. Option B (Identify, initiate, implement) lacks the crucial step of evaluation, which is essential for measuring the program's success. Option C (Organize, operationalize, mobilize, subsidize) includes irrelevant steps like mobilize and subsidize that are not part of the core management process. Option D (Substantiate, negotiate, evaluate) does not include the initial steps of assessing and planning, which are essential for effective program management.