A diagnosis of AD is usually made when what happens?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer to the question, "A diagnosis of AD is usually made when what happens?" is B) All other possible causes of dementia have been eliminated. This is because Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a diagnosis of exclusion, meaning that it can only be definitively diagnosed after other potential causes of dementia, such as vascular dementia or frontotemporal dementia, have been ruled out through a comprehensive evaluation that may include medical history, physical examination, cognitive testing, blood tests, and imaging studies. Option A) A urine test indicating elevated levels of isoprostanes is incorrect because there is no definitive urine test for diagnosing AD. Option C) Blood analysis revealing increased amounts of β-amyloid protein is a potential biomarker for AD, but it is not the sole criteria for diagnosis as these proteins can also be elevated in other conditions. Option D) A CT scan showing brain atrophy is a common finding in AD, but it is not specific to AD and can be seen in other types of dementia as well. In an educational context, understanding the diagnostic process for AD is crucial for healthcare professionals working with older adults or individuals with cognitive impairments. Knowing that AD is a diagnosis of exclusion emphasizes the importance of a thorough assessment to ensure an accurate diagnosis and appropriate management of the condition. Educating healthcare providers about the complexities of diagnosing AD can lead to better patient outcomes and quality of care.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, option D, which is "Shortening and external rotation of the leg," is the correct answer. This presentation is indicative of a hip fracture, specifically a femoral neck fracture. This injury typically results in the affected leg appearing shorter and externally rotated due to the displacement of the fractured bone. It is crucial for the nurse to caution the patient not to put weight on the leg to prevent further damage or complications. Option A, "Inability to move the toes and ankle," is incorrect as it is more related to nerve or muscle damage rather than a hip fracture. Option B, "Edema of the thigh extending to the knee," is incorrect as edema is a general symptom and not specific to a hip fracture. Option C, "Internal rotation of the leg with groin pain," is incorrect as internal rotation is not typically seen in hip fractures, and groin pain is more commonly associated with hip joint issues rather than fractures. Educationally, understanding the physical signs and symptoms of different types of fractures, especially in the elderly population who are more prone to falls and fractures, is vital for healthcare providers. Recognizing these signs promptly can lead to appropriate interventions and prevent further complications. This case highlights the importance of thorough assessment skills and knowledge of musculoskeletal injuries in the clinical setting.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) To promote early joint mobility and increase knee flexion. Explanation: Following a knee arthroplasty, using a continuous passive motion (CPM) machine helps in promoting early joint mobility by providing controlled movement to the knee joint. This aids in preventing stiffness and promoting circulation without putting excessive strain on the recovering joint. Increasing knee flexion through controlled motion also helps in preventing the formation of scar tissue and adhesions in the joint, contributing to a smoother recovery process. Option A) To relieve edema and pain at the incision site: While using CPM can indirectly help with reducing edema by promoting circulation, its primary purpose is not to directly relieve edema and pain. Option C) To prevent venous stasis and the formation of a deep venous thrombosis: While promoting circulation is a benefit of using CPM, its main purpose is to promote joint mobility rather than solely focusing on preventing venous stasis and deep venous thrombosis. Option D) To improve arterial circulation to the affected extremity to promote healing: While improving circulation is a benefit of using CPM, the primary purpose of the device in this context is to promote joint mobility and increase knee flexion rather than focusing on improving arterial circulation specifically. Educational Context: Understanding the purpose of using a CPM machine post-knee arthroplasty is crucial for both healthcare professionals and patients. By promoting joint mobility and increasing knee flexion, patients can experience a smoother recovery process with improved outcomes. Educating patients on the rationale behind using specific devices post-surgery empowers them to actively participate in their recovery and adhere to their treatment plan effectively.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) Raise the head of the bed 30 degrees. Rationale: Before repositioning a patient post-lumbar laminectomy, it is crucial to elevate the head of the bed to minimize the risk of increased intracranial pressure. This position helps to promote optimal cerebrospinal fluid drainage, reducing the likelihood of complications such as headaches, nausea, and potential neurological deficits. Explanation of Incorrect Options: B) Having the patient flex the knees and hips may be beneficial for comfort and proper alignment but is not the priority action to take before repositioning the patient post-lumbar laminectomy. C) Placing a pillow between the patient's legs is a good practice to maintain proper body alignment and reduce pressure on the lower back but is not the priority action in this scenario. D) Having the patient grasp the side rail on the opposite side of the bed does not address the immediate need to ensure proper positioning to prevent complications post-lumbar laminectomy. Educational Context: Understanding the rationale behind the correct action is crucial for nurses caring for patients post-lumbar laminectomy. By prioritizing the elevation of the head of the bed, nurses can demonstrate their knowledge of best practices to promote patient safety and prevent potential complications associated with neurosurgical procedures. This educational context highlights the importance of evidence-based interventions in nursing care to optimize patient outcomes and ensure quality postoperative recovery.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is B) Felty syndrome. Rheumatoid nodules are a common extraarticular manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Felty syndrome is a complication of RA characterized by the triad of rheumatoid arthritis, splenomegaly, and neutropenia. Patients with Felty syndrome often present with rheumatoid nodules, making it the most likely extraarticular manifestation to be seen in these patients. Option A) Lyme disease is incorrect because it is a separate infectious disease caused by a tick bite, not directly related to RA. Option C) Sjögren's syndrome is incorrect as it is an autoimmune condition primarily affecting the exocrine glands, leading to symptoms like dry eyes and dry mouth, but it is not typically associated with rheumatoid nodules. Option D) Spondyloarthropathies are a group of inflammatory diseases that primarily affect the spine and joints. While they can share some similarities with RA, they do not commonly present with rheumatoid nodules as seen in Felty syndrome. Educationally, understanding the various extraarticular manifestations of RA is crucial for healthcare professionals to provide comprehensive care to patients with this condition. Recognizing the specific manifestations can aid in early diagnosis, appropriate management, and improved patient outcomes. This question highlights the importance of differentiating between the extraarticular manifestations of RA to guide clinical decision-making and enhance patient care.