A concerned young parent asking about frequent lying behavior experienced by their 3-year-old girl. The following advices are true EXCEPT

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is C) it indicates a potential for future lying behavior. This is incorrect because frequent lying behavior in a 3-year-old child is developmentally normal and not necessarily an indicator of future lying tendencies. Children at this age are often exploring their imagination, testing boundaries, and learning about cause and effect. Lying at this stage is more about experimentation and not fully understanding the concept of lying as deceit. Option A) it is a method of playing with language is correct because young children often engage in imaginative play and storytelling, which can involve exaggerations or fabrications that are not meant to deceive. Option B) it is a part of their magical thinking is also correct as young children may blend reality with fantasy and have difficulty distinguishing between the two. This can lead to exaggerated stories or statements that are not intended to deceive but rather reflect their vivid imagination. Option D) it is an approach to avoid unwanted confrontation with adults is correct as well because young children may lie to avoid punishment or conflict, not necessarily with the intention of deceiving but more as a way to navigate challenging situations. Educationally, it is crucial for parents and caregivers to understand the developmental stages of children and how they explore communication and problem-solving strategies. By recognizing that lying in young children is often a normal part of cognitive and social development, adults can respond with patience, guidance, and appropriate discipline techniques that focus on teaching honesty and integrity over punitive measures. This understanding can help foster a trusting relationship between adults and children, promoting healthy development and ethical behavior in the long term.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Leukokoria in a newborn infant is a serious finding that can indicate various eye disorders. In this case, the correct answer is C) congenital glaucoma. Congenital glaucoma typically presents with symptoms such as photophobia, tearing, and enlargement of the cornea, rather than leukokoria. It is important to recognize that congenital glaucoma can lead to irreversible vision loss if not promptly treated. The other options are incorrect because they are all conditions that can present with leukokoria in a newborn infant. A) Cataracts, B) tumor, and D) retinopathy of prematurity can all manifest as abnormal white pupillary reflexes. Cataracts involve opacity of the lens, tumors can cause structural changes in the eye leading to leukokoria, and retinopathy of prematurity can result in abnormal blood vessel growth in the retina. Educationally, understanding the differential diagnosis of leukokoria in newborns is crucial for pediatric nurses. Early recognition and timely intervention are essential in preventing vision impairment or blindness in infants. Nurses play a vital role in advocating for proper eye screenings and referrals to ophthalmologists for further evaluation and management. Strengthening knowledge in this area can help improve outcomes for infants with eye disorders.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) antenatal exposure to magnesium sulfate does not pose a risk for poor academic performance of premature infants. Premature infants are at high risk for academic challenges due to their vulnerable and underdeveloped systems. Factors such as extremely low birth weight (option A) below 750g can lead to long-term health issues affecting academic performance. Periventricular leukomalacia (option B) is a brain injury common in premature infants that can result in cognitive and developmental delays impacting academic abilities. Posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (option D) is a complication that can arise from bleeding in the brain, potentially causing neurological impairments affecting academic performance. Antenatal exposure to magnesium sulfate (option C) is actually used as a neuroprotective agent in preterm labor to prevent cerebral palsy and other brain injuries. Therefore, it does not contribute to poor academic performance in premature infants. In an educational context, understanding these risk factors is crucial for pediatric nurses caring for premature infants. It enables them to provide appropriate interventions, support, and educational resources to promote the academic success of these vulnerable patients.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: The correct answer is A) prolonged rupture of membranes. Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is a condition primarily affecting premature infants due to immature lungs. Prolonged rupture of membranes can lead to infection, not directly increasing the risk for RDS. Maternal diabetes (option B) can lead to fetal macrosomia, increasing the risk for RDS due to the larger size of the baby's chest relative to lung development. Multiple births (option C) can result in premature delivery, which is a significant risk factor for RDS. Cold stress (option D) can exacerbate RDS in preterm infants due to increased metabolic demands to maintain body temperature. In an educational context, understanding the risk factors for RDS is crucial for pediatric nurses caring for premature infants. By knowing that prolonged rupture of membranes does not directly increase the risk for RDS, nurses can focus on monitoring and managing other significant risk factors like prematurity, maternal diabetes, multiple births, and cold stress to provide optimal care for at-risk infants.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing, understanding the effects of methylxanthines on broncho-pulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is crucial for safe and effective patient care. Methylxanthines like caffeine and theophylline are commonly used in neonates with BPD to improve respiratory function. The correct answer, option D, states that methylxanthines do not increase pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). This is accurate because methylxanthines actually have a vasodilatory effect on the pulmonary vasculature, reducing PVR and improving oxygenation. Option A, increasing respiratory drive, is a known effect of methylxanthines. They stimulate the respiratory center in the brain, leading to increased respiratory effort. Option B, decreasing apnea, is another recognized effect as methylxanthines help in reducing the frequency of apneic episodes in infants with BPD. Option C, improving diaphragmatic contractility, is an incorrect statement. Methylxanthines primarily work by stimulating the central nervous system and respiratory centers rather than directly affecting diaphragmatic contractility. Educationally, this question highlights the pharmacological effects of methylxanthines in the treatment of BPD. It reinforces the importance of understanding how medications impact different physiological processes in pediatric patients. This knowledge is essential for nurses to monitor for both therapeutic effects and potential adverse reactions when caring for infants with respiratory conditions like BPD.