A community member reports to a community health nurse (CHN) in the public health department that the city's water has had an unusual taste for the past few months. What is the best CHN action?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Check the most recent report on water quality in the community. This is the best action as it allows the CHN to gather factual information on the water quality before taking further steps. By reviewing the report, the CHN can determine if there are any concerning findings that may explain the unusual taste. Advocating or lobbying (Choice A) may be necessary later on, but it's important to first gather evidence. Consulting CPCHE (Choice B) may provide useful information, but checking the local water quality report is more direct. Calling the poison control centre (Choice D) is not necessary unless there is evidence of immediate harm, which is not indicated in the scenario.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because self-efficacy refers to one's belief in their ability to accomplish specific tasks or goals. Making healthy food choices while grocery shopping demonstrates self-efficacy as it shows confidence in choosing nutritious options. This choice aligns with Bandura's theory of self-efficacy, where individuals perceive their actions as directly influencing outcomes. Choices A, B, and C do not directly relate to self-efficacy as they involve seeking external help or resources rather than demonstrating personal agency and belief in one's abilities.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Migration and urbanization. Rationale: 1. Migration and urbanization led to overcrowded cities, resulting in a larger population needing care. 2. Urban areas lacked the close-knit community support found in rural settings, making it harder for families, friends, and neighbors to provide adequate care. 3. Increased mobility due to migration made it challenging for caregivers to stay connected with those in need of care, further straining caregiving approaches. Summary of other choices: A: Ongoing wars may have increased the need for caregiving but did not directly contribute to the inadequacy of caregiving approaches. B: Horrific plagues could have overwhelmed healthcare systems but did not address the changing dynamics of caregiving approaches. D: The need to pay caregivers is a different aspect of caregiving but did not directly contribute to the inadequacy of caregiving approaches during the Industrial Revolution.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Step 1: Epp's document emphasizes community and policy focus in health promotion. Step 2: Public participation is crucial in community and policy-focused health promotion. Step 3: Epp recommended actions that foster public participation. Therefore, the correct answer is C. Summary: A: Cooperation with WHO is not directly related to community and policy focus. B: Denying social and economic goals contradicts Epp's approach. D: Focusing solely on disease prevention in limited areas goes against Epp's comprehensive approach.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Positive predictive value (PPV) is the proportion of individuals with a positive test result who actually have the disease. This is crucial in determining the likelihood that a positive test accurately identifies a true positive case. By calculating PPV, we can assess the test's ability to predict the presence of the disease. In this context, the CHN (clinical history and physical examination) can help improve the accuracy of test results by enhancing the predictive value. Choice A is incorrect because it describes the negative predictive value, which is the proportion of individuals with a negative test result who are actually disease-free. Choice B is incorrect as it refers to the variability of the trait being measured, not predictive value. Choice C is incorrect as it discusses inconsistencies in the testing instrument, which are unrelated to predictive value.