A community is considering banning smoking in all schools. Based on the community’s current stage of change, which action should the nurse take next?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is B) Point out positive outcomes associated with banning smoking such as maintenance of lung function. This option focuses on highlighting the benefits of the proposed action, which is crucial in the context of health promotion. By emphasizing the positive impact of banning smoking, the nurse can help the community see the value and importance of their decision. Option A) providing statistics regarding childhood smoking rates may be informative, but it does not directly address the community's stage of change or provide motivation for implementing the ban. Option C) helping the community develop a plan to implement the ban is important but may be premature if the community is not fully on board with the idea yet. It is essential to first build support and understanding before moving to action planning. Option D) praising the members of the community for their actions may be encouraging, but it does not offer the necessary information or motivation to move forward with the proposed ban. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of understanding the stages of change model in health promotion. It emphasizes the need to provide relevant information and motivation to support individuals and communities in making positive health-related decisions. By focusing on the benefits of the proposed action, the nurse can effectively influence the community's readiness to change.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of pharmacology and health promotion, understanding the economic evaluation methods is crucial for healthcare professionals to make informed decisions regarding resource allocation. The correct answer to the question is B) Cost-effectiveness analysis. Cost-effectiveness analysis is used to determine the optimal use of resources by comparing the costs of an intervention with the health outcomes achieved. It helps in identifying the most efficient way to achieve a desired health outcome within a given budget. This analysis considers both the costs and the effectiveness of different interventions, making it a comprehensive approach to resource allocation in healthcare. Option A) Cost-benefit ratio analysis involves comparing the monetary costs of an intervention with the monetary benefits, which may not always capture the full spectrum of health outcomes achieved. Option C) Cost-efficiency analysis focuses on the relationship between costs and outputs, without necessarily considering the health outcomes achieved. Option D) Cost-disease analysis is not a standard method of economic evaluation in healthcare and does not specifically address the optimization of resources to reach desired health outcomes. Educationally, understanding cost-effectiveness analysis equips nurses and healthcare professionals with the tools to evaluate the economic implications of different health promotion interventions. It helps in making evidence-based decisions to maximize health benefits within the constraints of available resources, ultimately improving patient outcomes and healthcare delivery efficiency.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of health promotion and nursing practice, the recommended age to begin mammography screening for breast cancer is at 40 years old. This age is supported by evidence-based guidelines from organizations such as the American Cancer Society and the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Starting mammograms at age 40 allows for early detection of breast cancer, which can lead to better treatment outcomes and survival rates. Option A) 18 years old is too early to start mammography screening as the risk of breast cancer is very low in younger women, and the benefits of screening at this age do not outweigh the potential harms such as false-positive results. Option B) 21 years old is also too early for routine mammography screening. Breast cancer risk is still relatively low in this age group, and starting screening at 21 may lead to unnecessary interventions and anxiety due to false-positive findings. Option C) 35 years old is earlier than the recommended age for starting routine mammography screening. While some high-risk individuals may benefit from earlier screening, for the general population, starting at age 35 may not be cost-effective and could increase the risk of false-positive results. Educationally, it is important for nurses to understand and communicate evidence-based guidelines for breast cancer screening to empower individuals to make informed decisions about their health. By providing accurate information about when to start mammography screening, nurses can help promote early detection and improve health outcomes for women.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of health education and counseling, the correct answer is A) Asthmatic who has a decrease in emergency department visits. This option demonstrates that the objectives of health education and counseling have been met because a decrease in emergency department visits indicates improved asthma management and control. This outcome suggests that the individual has learned effective techniques for managing asthma symptoms, possibly through proper inhaler use, avoidance of triggers, and adherence to treatment plans discussed during health education sessions. Option B) Asthmatic who has been prescribed an albuterol inhaler only indicates that a medication has been prescribed, but it does not necessarily reflect successful health education outcomes or improved self-management skills. Option C) Asthmatic who attends an asthma education program shows engagement in education, which is positive, but attendance alone does not guarantee that the individual has effectively applied the knowledge gained to manage their asthma. Option D) Asthmatic who visits the emergency department with an exacerbation indicates a lack of successful asthma management and control, which is contrary to the objectives of health education and counseling. In an educational context, it is essential to emphasize the importance of not only providing information but also ensuring that individuals can apply that knowledge to improve their health outcomes. Monitoring outcomes such as a decrease in emergency department visits helps to assess the effectiveness of health education interventions and the individual's ability to manage their health condition successfully.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of pharmacology and health promotion, option B is the most effective intervention for a nurse to implement when educating adults on smoking cessation. Setting a quit date with the group and determining the most suitable pharmacological method individualizes the approach, taking into account each member's unique needs and preferences. This approach aligns with evidence-based practice, as pharmacotherapy, in combination with behavioral interventions, has been shown to increase smoking cessation success rates. Options A, C, and D are less effective for several reasons. Option A, providing a handout on the dangers of smoking, may increase knowledge but lacks the personalized support needed for successful cessation. Option C, providing a month’s supply of nicotine replacement, may not address the diverse needs of the group or provide ongoing support. Option D, having a guest speaker with lung cancer, may raise awareness but does not provide actionable strategies for quitting. By choosing option B, the nurse engages the group in a collaborative process, empowers them to take ownership of their cessation journey, and ensures they receive tailored pharmacological support. This approach respects individual autonomy and promotes long-term success in smoking cessation efforts, making it the most effective intervention in this scenario.