A community health nurse is using the Health Belief Model (HBM) as a basis for providing client care. Which best describes the problems associated with using the HBM? (Select all that apply.)

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: A major problem with this model is that the burden for taking action is totally with the client. The model requires health professionals to assume responsibility for modifying the client's perceptions so they recognize the need to act. Although the line between persuading and educating is a fine one, nurses are responsible for education. Persuasion may border on coercion. Further, the model assumes that all responsibility is personal, ignoring barriers in the health care system, which may make it difficult for an individual to take appropriate action.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Welfare. The Elizabethan Poor Law of 1601 provided relief for the poor and established the concept of government responsibility for social welfare. Welfare is the modern-day equivalent, encompassing various programs to assist those in need. Food stamps, Medicaid, and Medicare are specific programs within the broader welfare system, but they do not fully capture the comprehensive nature of social welfare like the Elizabethan Poor Law and modern welfare programs do.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because American citizens became interested in establishing government-sponsored boards of health due to the fear of infectious diseases such as yellow fever. This fear drove them to seek government intervention to address public health issues and prevent the spread of diseases. In contrast, choice B is incorrect as it does not relate to the primary reason for establishing boards of health. Choice D is also incorrect as the primary purpose of these boards was to focus on public health rather than taxation. Choice C is not provided with any information to support its relevance to the question.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because the Shattuck Report, published in 1850, led to the initiation of efforts to control alcohol and drug abuse, as well as tobacco use. This report was a landmark in public health history, advocating for improved sanitation and preventative measures. Choice B is incorrect as it does not align with the main focus of the report. Choice C is incorrect as environmental sanitation was a component but not the main outcome. Choice D is incorrect as the development of guidelines for modern public health organizations was not the immediate outcome of the Shattuck Report.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A, investigating causes of absenteeism. In the early 20th century, school nurses focused on public health, identifying and addressing health issues affecting attendance. By investigating causes of absenteeism, nurses could improve overall student health and well-being. Choice B, teaching school as well as being a nurse, is incorrect because school nurses primarily focused on health-related duties, not teaching. Choice C, promoting nursing as an autonomous practice, is incorrect as the role of school nurses was more about public health and student well-being rather than advocating for nursing autonomy. Choice D, providing medical treatment to enable children to return to school, is incorrect as the primary focus was on prevention and health education rather than solely treating existing health issues.