A commonly encountered risk factor for deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) in the pediatric population is:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the pediatric population, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome is a commonly encountered risk factor for deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). This autoimmune disorder leads to an increased risk of blood clots due to the presence of antibodies that target phospholipids in the blood vessel walls, promoting clot formation. Option A, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, is the correct answer because it directly predisposes individuals, including children, to thrombotic events. Hematologic malignancies (Option B), although they can increase the risk of thrombosis, are not as commonly associated with DVT and PE in the pediatric population as antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Sickle cell disease (Option C) is more closely linked to vaso-occlusive crises and acute chest syndrome rather than DVT and PE. Nephrotic syndrome (Option D) can lead to hypercoagulability, but it is not as prevalent a risk factor for DVT and PE in children as antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Educationally, understanding the unique risk factors for DVT and PE in pediatric patients is crucial for nurses caring for this population. Recognizing the association between antiphospholipid antibody syndrome and thrombotic events can guide preventative measures and prompt early intervention to reduce the risk of life-threatening complications such as PE. Identifying and addressing these risk factors promptly can significantly improve patient outcomes and quality of care.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) Hepatocyte giant cells. In the context of a liver biopsy, the presence of hepatocyte giant cells is indeed characteristic. Hepatocyte giant cells are multinucleated cells that can be seen in certain liver diseases, such as viral hepatitis or drug-induced liver injury. They are not normally present in healthy liver tissue. Option B) Cholestasis is incorrect because it refers to a condition where bile flow from the liver is impaired, leading to the accumulation of bile in the liver. This does not specifically relate to the presence of hepatocyte giant cells in a liver biopsy. Option C) Portal triads are structures in the liver that consist of a branch of the portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct. While important for liver function, they are not directly related to the presence of hepatocyte giant cells. Option D) Paucity of bile ducts is a term used to describe a condition where there is a decreased number of bile ducts in the liver. This is typically seen in conditions like Alagille syndrome and is not directly linked to the presence of hepatocyte giant cells. In an educational context, understanding the histological features seen in liver biopsies is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients with liver diseases. Recognizing hepatocyte giant cells can aid in the diagnosis and management of these conditions, highlighting the importance of histopathology in clinical practice.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric respiratory distress, understanding the most common causes of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA) is crucial for effective nursing interventions. The correct answer is C) Adenotonsillar hypertrophy. Adenotonsillar hypertrophy, the enlargement of the tonsils and adenoids, is a common cause of OSA in young children due to the obstruction of the upper airway during sleep. This obstruction leads to pauses in breathing, fragmented sleep, and decreased oxygen levels, resulting in respiratory distress. Option A) Obesity can be a risk factor for OSA in adults but is less common in young children. Craniofacial malformations (Option B) may contribute to airway issues but are not as prevalent as adenotonsillar hypertrophy in causing OSA in this population. Neuromuscular diseases (Option D) can also lead to respiratory problems, but they are not the most common cause of OSA in young children. Educationally, nurses need to recognize the signs and symptoms of OSA in pediatric patients, including snoring, gasping during sleep, and daytime fatigue. By understanding the primary causes like adenotonsillar hypertrophy, nurses can advocate for appropriate referrals, such as to an otolaryngologist for further evaluation and potential surgical intervention, to alleviate the respiratory distress and improve the child's quality of life.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the treatment of bronchiolitis in pediatric patients, the correct answer is B) Bronchodilators. Bronchiolitis is primarily caused by a viral infection, most commonly respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which leads to inflammation and mucus buildup in the small airways of the lungs. Bronchodilators, which are commonly used in conditions like asthma to help open up the airways, are not typically effective in treating bronchiolitis due to the different pathophysiology involved. Respiratory monitoring (option A) is essential in pediatric patients with respiratory distress to assess their oxygenation and respiratory status continuously. Control of fever (option C) is important as fever can increase metabolic demand and respiratory effort in these patients. Hydration (option D) is crucial to prevent dehydration, maintain mucous membrane hydration, and help loosen secretions, aiding in their clearance. Educationally, it is important for healthcare providers, especially nurses, to understand the appropriate management strategies for pediatric respiratory distress conditions like bronchiolitis. Knowing which interventions are effective and which are not is crucial for providing safe and evidence-based care to these vulnerable patients. By understanding the rationale behind each treatment option, nurses can optimize patient outcomes and improve their overall quality of care.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) 6 to 8 weeks. In pediatric patients recovering from pneumonia, radiographic abnormalities may take 6 to 8 weeks to return to normal. This extended period is due to the time it takes for the lungs to fully heal and for the inflammation and fluid buildup to resolve completely. Option A) 1 to 2 weeks is incorrect because this time frame is too short for the resolution of radiographic abnormalities associated with pneumonia in children. Option B) 2 to 4 weeks is also incorrect as it falls short of the typical recovery timeline for pediatric pneumonia. Option C) 4 to 6 weeks is closer but still underestimates the duration needed for complete radiographic normalization. In an educational context, understanding the expected recovery timeline for pediatric pneumonia is crucial for nurses providing care to these young patients. By knowing that radiographic abnormalities may persist for 6 to 8 weeks, nurses can better educate families, set appropriate expectations, and monitor the child's progress effectively. This knowledge also helps in assessing the effectiveness of interventions and in recognizing any potential complications that may arise during the extended recovery period.