A common cause of recurrent abdominal pain in children is

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) functional abdominal pain. Functional abdominal pain is a common cause of recurrent abdominal pain in children, characterized by pain that is not associated with an underlying organic cause. It is a diagnosis of exclusion made after ruling out other possible causes. Option A) duodenal ulcer is less common in children compared to adults and is usually associated with specific symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and weight loss. Option B) pneumonia presents with respiratory symptoms such as cough, fever, and difficulty breathing, rather than recurrent abdominal pain. Option D) obstructive uropathy typically presents with symptoms related to the urinary system, such as urinary frequency, urgency, or pain, rather than recurrent abdominal pain. Educationally, understanding common causes of recurrent abdominal pain in children is crucial for healthcare providers to provide accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Recognizing functional abdominal pain helps prevent unnecessary invasive procedures in children with no organic cause for their symptoms. This knowledge is essential for nurses, nurse practitioners, and other healthcare professionals caring for pediatric patients with gastrointestinal complaints.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is D) fissures and skin tags in Crohn's disease. This is because fissures and skin tags are true manifestations of Crohn's disease, a type of inflammatory bowel disease. Fissures are linear breaks in the skin near the anus, which can be painful and lead to bleeding. Skin tags are small, benign growths of skin that may develop in the perianal area in individuals with Crohn's disease. Option A) colonic involvement in Crohn's disease is incorrect because Crohn's disease can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract, not just the colon. Option B) whole gut involvement in ulcerative colitis is incorrect because ulcerative colitis typically only affects the colon and rectum, not the entire gastrointestinal tract. Option C) pyoderma gangrenosum in Crohn's disease is incorrect because while pyoderma gangrenosum is associated with inflammatory bowel disease, it is more commonly linked to ulcerative colitis rather than Crohn's disease. Educationally, understanding the specific manifestations of different pediatric gastrointestinal disorders is crucial for nurses and healthcare professionals caring for pediatric patients with these conditions. Recognizing these manifestations can aid in early detection, appropriate treatment, and improved outcomes for children with inflammatory bowel diseases. It is essential to differentiate between the various symptoms and presentations of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis to provide tailored and effective care to pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) cholecystitis. Cholecystitis is a common cause of acute abdominal pain in pediatric patients, especially those with risk factors such as obesity, a high-fat diet, or sickle cell disease. Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder, often due to gallstones obstructing the cystic duct. This obstruction leads to pain, tenderness, and fever. Option A) spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is more commonly seen in patients with liver cirrhosis and ascites, not typically a cause of acute abdominal pain in pediatric patients. Option C) pneumonia (lower lobes) commonly presents with respiratory symptoms such as cough, fever, and difficulty breathing, rather than abdominal pain. Option D) urinary tract infection usually presents with symptoms such as urinary frequency, urgency, dysuria, and may cause suprapubic discomfort, but it is not a common cause of acute abdominal pain. Educationally, understanding the differential diagnosis of acute abdominal pain in pediatric patients is crucial for nurses and healthcare providers. By knowing the common causes and associated symptoms, healthcare professionals can provide prompt and appropriate care to children presenting with abdominal pain, ensuring timely management and improved outcomes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Cow's milk protein intolerance is a common pediatric gastrointestinal disorder that can manifest in various ways. The correct answer, B) streaks of bloody mucus in stools, is characteristic of this condition. This is due to the inflammation and irritation of the gastrointestinal tract caused by an immune response to cow's milk proteins. The presence of bloody mucus in stools is a key sign of intestinal inflammation and damage in infants with this intolerance. Option A) abdominal tenderness is a common symptom in many gastrointestinal disorders and is not specific to cow's milk protein intolerance. Option C) abdominal distention can occur in a variety of gastrointestinal issues and is not unique to this condition. Option D) vomiting is a nonspecific symptom and is not a primary characteristic of cow's milk protein intolerance. Educationally, understanding the specific manifestations of pediatric gastrointestinal disorders like cow's milk protein intolerance is crucial for nurses and healthcare providers caring for infants and children. Recognizing the signs and symptoms helps in timely diagnosis, appropriate management, and prevention of complications associated with these conditions. This knowledge is essential for providing safe and effective care to pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric gastrointestinal disorders, understanding the osmolality and renal solute load of different feeding options is crucial for ensuring optimal nutrition and preventing complications. The correct answer is C) standard formula. Standard formula has the highest osmolality and renal solute load among the given options. This high osmolality can put stress on the infant's kidneys as they work harder to excrete the excess solutes, potentially leading to issues such as dehydration or electrolyte imbalances. Option A) breast milk is the optimal choice for infants due to its balanced composition and lower osmolality compared to formula. Option B) breast milk after freezing and pasteurizing may have slightly altered nutritional content but still remains a better choice than formula due to its lower osmolality. Option D) soy formula is an alternative to standard formula for infants with specific dietary needs, but it does not have as high osmolality and renal solute load as standard formula. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of understanding the composition of different feeding options for infants with gastrointestinal disorders. It emphasizes the need to select appropriate feeding choices based on osmolality and renal solute load to promote optimal health outcomes for pediatric patients.