A client with Parkinson's disease is prescribed levodopa/carbidopa (Sinemet). Which instruction should the nurse include?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Levodopa/carbidopa treats Parkinson's by increasing dopamine, but vasodilation risks orthostatic hypotension. Rising slowly prevents falls, a key instruction for safety. High-protein meals reduce levodopa absorption via amino acid competition, decreasing efficacy. Dark urine isn't a typical concern'harmless pigment changes occur. Stopping if feeling better risks symptom return, as it's not a cure. Rising slowly aligns with the drug's side effect profile, critical in Parkinson's where mobility is impaired, making C the essential teaching point to ensure client stability and adherence.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Failed to generate a rationale of 500+ characters after 5 retries.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pharmacology, drug absorption refers to the movement of a drug from the site of administration into the bloodstream and ultimately to various tissues of the body where it can exert its therapeutic effect. Option A is the correct definition because it specifically captures this essential aspect of drug absorption. Option B is incorrect because it describes the broader processes involved in pharmacokinetics, including distribution, metabolism, and excretion, not just absorption. Option C is incorrect as it refers to the availability of drugs without a prescription, which is unrelated to the definition of drug absorption. Option D is incorrect as it speaks to the overall effects of drugs on the body rather than specifically focusing on the process of absorption. Understanding drug absorption is crucial in pharmacology as it impacts the onset of action, intensity, and duration of drug effects. It also influences factors such as bioavailability and drug interactions. Educating healthcare professionals on drug absorption helps them make informed decisions about dosing regimens, routes of administration, and potential drug interactions to ensure optimal therapeutic outcomes for patients.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Protamine sulfate is the antidote for Heparin. Heparin is an anticoagulant used to prevent blood clotting. Protamine sulfate works by binding to heparin, neutralizing its anticoagulant effects. Vitamin K is not the antidote for Heparin; it is used to reverse the effects of warfarin, another type of anticoagulant. Naloxone is an opioid antagonist used to reverse the effects of opioids, and Toradol is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used for pain relief.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Propranolol undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism in the liver. When administered orally, propranolol is extensively metabolized by the liver before reaching systemic circulation, leading to reduced bioavailability. This process is known as first-pass hepatic metabolism, which significantly affects the drug's effectiveness and necessitates higher oral doses compared to other routes of administration.