A client with HIV has been prescribed antiviral medications. What instructions related to administration of medications should the nurse give such a client?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) Complying with the timing of antiviral medications around meals. This instruction is crucial because certain antiviral medications need to be taken with or without food to optimize absorption, reduce side effects, and maintain consistent blood levels of the drug for effectiveness in managing HIV. Option B) Avoiding exposure to harsh sunlight for about two hours after taking the medication is incorrect. While sunlight exposure may be a concern for some medications due to photosensitivity reactions, it is not a general rule for antiviral drugs used in HIV treatment. Option C) Having the medications with plenty of fruit juice is incorrect. Fruit juice may interact with some medications, altering their absorption or effectiveness. It is important to follow specific instructions provided by healthcare providers. Option D) Having an increased dose of the medications if the symptoms worsen is incorrect. Adjusting medication dosages should only be done under the guidance of a healthcare provider. Increasing doses without medical advice can lead to adverse effects or drug resistance. In an educational context, understanding the correct administration of antiviral medications in HIV treatment is crucial for achieving therapeutic outcomes. Nurses play a vital role in educating patients on proper medication administration to ensure treatment success and minimize risks of complications. Adherence to medication schedules is essential in managing chronic conditions like HIV to maintain viral suppression and prevent disease progression.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this scenario, the most appropriate action to delegate to an LPN for a hospitalized patient with AIDS experiencing Imbalanced Nutrition: Less than Body Requirements due to anorexia and nausea is option B) Provide oral care with a soft toothbrush every 8 hours. The rationale behind choosing option B is that oral care is within the scope of practice for an LPN and is crucial for patients experiencing anorexia and nausea. Maintaining good oral hygiene can help stimulate the patient's appetite, prevent complications like oral infections, and improve overall nutritional intake. Option A is not appropriate to delegate to an LPN as administering medications like oxandrolone requires a higher level of assessment and monitoring which is typically within the scope of an RN. Option C, instructing the patient about a high-calorie, high-protein diet, involves patient education and nutritional planning, which is typically the responsibility of an RN or a dietitian. Option D, assessing the patient for other nutrition risk factors, requires a higher level of critical thinking and assessment skills that are usually within the scope of an RN. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of delegation based on scope of practice, patient needs, and the specific competencies of different healthcare providers in a multidisciplinary team. It reinforces the significance of oral care in promoting overall health and nutrition in patients with complex medical conditions like AIDS.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the scenario of septic shock, the highest priority is to monitor airway, breathing, and circulation (ABC), which is option B. This is because septic shock is a life-threatening condition characterized by a systemic inflammatory response to infection, leading to severe tissue hypoperfusion and organ dysfunction. Monitoring ABC is crucial in ensuring adequate oxygenation and perfusion to vital organs, as compromised airway, breathing, or circulation can rapidly deteriorate the patient's condition and lead to further complications or even death. Option A, monitoring temperature, while important in assessing for signs of infection or systemic response, is not as critical as ensuring the patient has a patent airway, adequate breathing, and proper circulation in septic shock. Option C, monitoring pupillary reaction, is more relevant in assessing neurological status and responses to certain medications or conditions but is not the priority in septic shock where immediate stabilization of ABC is paramount. Option D, monitoring ANA and RF levels, is not a priority in the acute management of septic shock. These laboratory tests are more indicative of autoimmune conditions rather than the immediate needs of a patient in septic shock. In an educational context, understanding the priorities in managing septic shock is crucial for healthcare providers, especially those working in critical care settings. By prioritizing ABC monitoring, healthcare professionals can quickly intervene and provide life-saving interventions to stabilize the patient's condition and prevent further complications. This knowledge is essential for nurses, physicians, and other healthcare providers caring for patients with septic shock to optimize patient outcomes and improve survival rates.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Chronic inflammation is characterized by the persistent presence of the injurious agent or repeated tissue injury, making option B the correct choice. This distinguishes chronic inflammation from acute inflammation, which typically resolves within 2 to 3 weeks (option A). Option C is incorrect because infective endocarditis is an example of acute, not chronic, inflammation. In chronic inflammation, unlike in acute inflammation, neutrophils are not the predominant cell type at the site of inflammation; instead, there is a shift to mononuclear cells like macrophages and lymphocytes. Understanding the characteristics of chronic inflammation is crucial in pharmacology as it influences treatment strategies. Chronic inflammation is associated with various diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease, where long-term management aims to control the underlying inflammation. Recognizing the features of chronic inflammation helps healthcare providers tailor therapies to target the specific immune responses involved, leading to improved patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pharmacology, understanding infection control measures is crucial to ensure patient safety and prevent the spread of infections. The most important precaution for preventing transmission of infections is hand washing after touching fluids and secretions and removing gloves, as well as between patient contacts (Option D). Hand hygiene is the cornerstone of infection control as it reduces the risk of spreading pathogens from one patient to another or to healthcare providers. Wearing face and eye protection (Option A) is important in certain situations for protection against splashes, but it is not the most crucial measure for preventing transmission in routine care. Wearing nonsterile gloves (Option B) is essential when in contact with body fluids, but hand hygiene is still the primary preventive measure. Wearing a gown (Option C) is important to protect against soiling clothing, but it is not as critical as proper hand hygiene. In an educational context, teaching the importance of hand hygiene as the primary measure for preventing infection spread reinforces best practices among healthcare providers. Emphasizing the correct sequence of hand washing, glove removal, and when to perform hand hygiene helps ensure compliance with infection control protocols and ultimately enhances patient safety.