A client with a long history of smoking is being assessed by a nurse. Which finding is a common complication of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. COPD is characterized by airway obstruction, leading to difficulty exhaling. 2. Prolonged expiratory phase is a common finding due to air trapping. 3. This leads to hyperinflation and increased residual volume. 4. Decreased anteroposterior chest diameter is not typical in COPD. 5. Increased breath sounds and chest expansion are not common in COPD. In summary, choice C is correct because it directly relates to the pathophysiology of COPD, while the other choices are not consistent with the condition.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Step 1: Weight-bearing exercises help improve bone density and strength, crucial in managing osteoporosis. Step 2: Regular engagement in weight-bearing exercises can reduce the risk of fractures in individuals with osteoporosis. Step 3: Increasing intake of caffeinated beverages can contribute to bone loss. Step 4: Avoiding exposure to sunlight can decrease vitamin D levels necessary for calcium absorption. Step 5: Taking calcium supplements with iron may interfere with calcium absorption. Summary: Choice B is correct as weight-bearing exercises are essential for managing osteoporosis. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they can have negative impacts on bone health.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct action is to check the client's blood pressure first. A sudden onset of pounding headache and blurred vision in a client with a spinal cord injury at T6 can indicate autonomic dysreflexia. Checking the blood pressure is crucial as autonomic dysreflexia can lead to severe hypertension, which can result in life-threatening complications such as stroke or seizure. Immediate assessment and intervention are necessary to prevent further harm. Administering pain medication without addressing the underlying cause can exacerbate hypertension. Placing the client in a supine position can worsen symptoms, and increasing fluid intake does not address the immediate issue at hand. Therefore, checking the blood pressure is the priority to identify and manage autonomic dysreflexia effectively.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Crackles in the lungs. Left-sided heart failure leads to fluid accumulation in the lungs, causing crackles on auscultation. This indicates pulmonary congestion. Peripheral edema (A) is more common in right-sided heart failure. Jugular vein distention (B) is typically seen in right-sided heart failure due to increased venous pressure. Hepatomegaly (C) is more common in conditions like liver disease, not specifically left-sided heart failure.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because using cotton balls to cushion the oxygen tubing on the ears helps prevent skin irritation or pressure ulcers. This indicates the client understands the importance of skin care and comfort while using oxygen therapy. A: Incorrect. The client should wear oxygen during all activities that increase oxygen demand, not just when feeling short of breath during exercise. B: Incorrect. Using portable oxygen near an open flame like a grill can result in a fire hazard. D: Incorrect. Smoking while using oxygen therapy is extremely dangerous and can lead to a fire.