A client with a history of tuberculosis (TB) is experiencing a recurrence of symptoms. Which diagnostic test should the nurse anticipate being ordered?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: A chest x-ray is the most appropriate diagnostic test for a client with a history of tuberculosis experiencing a recurrence of symptoms. A chest x-ray is commonly used to visualize the lungs and check for signs of active tuberculosis, such as abnormal shadows or nodules. While a sputum culture (Choice A) can confirm the presence of TB bacteria, it may not be the initial test ordered for a recurrence. Bronchoscopy (Choice B) and CT scan of the chest (Choice D) are more invasive and usually reserved for cases where the chest x-ray is inconclusive or to further assess complications, rather than as the initial diagnostic test for a recurrence of tuberculosis.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'Bronze-colored skin.' Sideroblastic anemia is characterized by excess iron deposition, leading to bronze-colored skin. This occurs due to the abnormal accumulation of iron in tissues. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because sideroblastic anemia does not typically present with decreased iron levels, normochromic erythrocytes, or aplastic bone marrow.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of pharmacology and pathophysiology, understanding the components of the immune system is crucial. In this question, the correct answer is C) B cells, which mediate humoral immunity. B cells are responsible for producing antibodies that target specific antigens, forming the basis of humoral immune responses. This is important in defending the body against extracellular pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. Option A) Natural killer cells are part of the innate immune system and are responsible for detecting and killing infected or cancerous cells, not mediating humoral immunity. Option B) T cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity, not humoral immunity. T cells directly kill infected cells or help other immune cells respond to specific pathogens. Option D) Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell involved in the innate immune response, particularly in phagocytosis of pathogens, but they do not mediate humoral immunity. Educationally, understanding the roles of different immune cells helps pharmacology students comprehend how various medications target specific components of the immune system to treat diseases. Knowing the functions of B cells in humoral immunity is essential for developing therapies like vaccines that stimulate antibody production. This knowledge is foundational for pharmacological interventions in immune-related disorders.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Cellular swelling is indeed evident early in all types of cellular injury. This occurs due to the influx of water into the cell, leading to swelling. Choice A is incorrect because cellular swelling is reversible if the injury is not severe. Choice C is incorrect because cellular swelling is not manifested by decreased intracellular sodium; in fact, it is associated with increased intracellular sodium due to water influx. Choice D is incorrect as option B is the correct statement.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: A rash from poison ivy is an example of a type IV hypersensitivity reaction. Type IV hypersensitivity reactions are delayed cell-mediated immune responses involving T cells. This type of reaction is characterized by a delayed onset, typically occurring 48-72 hours after exposure to the antigen. Choice A, Type I hypersensitivity reactions, are immediate hypersensitivity reactions mediated by IgE antibodies. Choices B and C, Type II and Type III hypersensitivity reactions, involve antibody-mediated cytotoxicity and immune complex deposition, respectively, which are not characteristic of poison ivy-induced rashes.