A client with a history of chronic alcoholism presents to the emergency department with a complaint of double vision. Which cranial nerve is most likely involved?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is Cranial nerve VI (Abducens). Chronic alcoholism can lead to damage to the abducens nerve, which controls the lateral movement of the eye. This damage can result in symptoms like double vision. Cranial nerve I (Olfactory) is responsible for the sense of smell and is not related to eye movement. Cranial nerve III (Oculomotor) controls most of the eye movements but is less likely to be affected in chronic alcoholism than the abducens nerve. Cranial nerve VII (Facial) is responsible for facial movements and is not associated with double vision.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Corrected Rationale: A client with atrial fibrillation is at increased risk of thromboembolism due to blood stasis in the atria. This can lead to the formation of blood clots, which may travel to the lungs and cause a pulmonary embolism. Pulmonary embolism is a serious complication of atrial fibrillation. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because while atrial fibrillation can lead to complications such as stroke or heart failure, it is specifically associated with an increased risk of pulmonary embolism due to the clot formation associated with the condition.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'Bronze-colored skin.' Sideroblastic anemia is characterized by excess iron deposition, leading to bronze-colored skin. This occurs due to the abnormal accumulation of iron in tissues. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because sideroblastic anemia does not typically present with decreased iron levels, normochromic erythrocytes, or aplastic bone marrow.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of pharmacology and pathophysiology, understanding the components of the immune system is crucial. In this question, the correct answer is C) B cells, which mediate humoral immunity. B cells are responsible for producing antibodies that target specific antigens, forming the basis of humoral immune responses. This is important in defending the body against extracellular pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. Option A) Natural killer cells are part of the innate immune system and are responsible for detecting and killing infected or cancerous cells, not mediating humoral immunity. Option B) T cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity, not humoral immunity. T cells directly kill infected cells or help other immune cells respond to specific pathogens. Option D) Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell involved in the innate immune response, particularly in phagocytosis of pathogens, but they do not mediate humoral immunity. Educationally, understanding the roles of different immune cells helps pharmacology students comprehend how various medications target specific components of the immune system to treat diseases. Knowing the functions of B cells in humoral immunity is essential for developing therapies like vaccines that stimulate antibody production. This knowledge is foundational for pharmacological interventions in immune-related disorders.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Cellular swelling is indeed evident early in all types of cellular injury. This occurs due to the influx of water into the cell, leading to swelling. Choice A is incorrect because cellular swelling is reversible if the injury is not severe. Choice C is incorrect because cellular swelling is not manifested by decreased intracellular sodium; in fact, it is associated with increased intracellular sodium due to water influx. Choice D is incorrect as option B is the correct statement.