A client who was trapped inside a car for hours after a head-on collision is rushed to the emergency department with multiple injuries. During the neurologic examination, the client responds to painful stimuli with decerebrate posturing. This finding indicates damage to which part of the brain?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Midbrain. Decerebrate posturing is a specific type of abnormal posturing that indicates damage to the midbrain. In decerebrate posturing, the arms are extended and pronated, and the legs are extended with plantar flexion. This posture is a result of the disruption of the neural pathways between the brain and spinal cord that pass through the midbrain. Damage to the cortex (choice A) would not result in decerebrate posturing. The diencephalon (choice B) is responsible for regulating many important functions, but it does not directly control motor responses like posturing. The medulla (choice C) is primarily involved in regulating vital functions like breathing and heart rate, not motor posturing. Therefore, the correct answer is D, midbrain, as damage to this area leads to decerebrate posturing.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: A normal response to exercise. During exercise, it is common for blood pressure to increase as the body works harder to supply oxygen to the muscles. This is known as the exercise pressor response and is a normal physiological reaction to physical activity. It helps the body meet the increased demand for oxygen during exercise. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because a rise in blood pressure during exercise is generally expected and not necessarily indicative of an issue that requires test termination, poor cardiovascular fitness, or a contraindication to exercise.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Barrel-shaped chest is most commonly associated with COPD due to chronic air trapping and hyperinflation of the lungs. In COPD, the increased residual volume leads to a more rounded appearance of the chest. Asthma typically presents with wheezing and chest tightness, not barrel chest. Pneumonia is characterized by lung consolidation and pleural effusion by fluid accumulation in the pleural space, neither of which directly causes a barrel-shaped chest.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because a lesion that bleeds easily and does not heal could be indicative of skin cancer, such as melanoma. This finding is concerning as it suggests potential malignancy and requires immediate medical attention. A: A mole with uniform color and well-defined borders is typically considered benign and not as concerning during a skin assessment. C: A freckle that has not changed in size over several years is generally not worrisome as stable freckles are usually harmless. D: A birthmark present since infancy is usually harmless and not a cause for concern during a skin assessment.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The information provided in the question describes Mr. M.'s personal experience of shortness of breath, which is based on his feelings and sensations. This subjective information cannot be measured or observed by others, making it open to interpretation. Therefore, it falls under the category of subjective. In contrast, objective information is factual and verifiable, typically based on measurable data or observations made by multiple individuals. In this case, since Mr. M.'s shortness of breath is described in terms of his personal experience and feelings, it is considered subjective. Hence, choice A is correct. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not accurately reflect the nature of the information provided.