A client tells a nurse, "I don't get the same relief as I used to with this pain medication." The nurse should recognize that the client is experiencing which of the following?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Drug tolerance occurs when a person needs more of a drug to achieve the same effect they initially experienced with a lower dose. In this scenario, the client mentioning that they do not get the same relief with the pain medication suggests that their body has built up a tolerance to the medication. This is different from drug addiction, which involves a psychological and physical reliance on a drug, and physical dependence, which is the body's adaptation to a drug leading to withdrawal symptoms when the drug is stopped. Psychological dependence involves a perceived need for a drug due to psychological reasons rather than physical necessity. In this case, the client's statement points to drug tolerance as the likely reason for experiencing decreased effectiveness of the pain medication.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Naloxone is a medication used to treat opioid overdose by rapidly reversing the effects of opioids on the central nervous system. It works by binding to the same receptors in the brain that opioids target, effectively displacing the opioids and reversing their effects. Naloxone can quickly restore normal breathing in individuals who have overdosed on opioids, potentially saving their lives. It is commonly administered in emergency situations, such as in hospitals, ambulances, and by first responders. Naloxone is an essential tool in treating opioid overdose and is considered a life-saving medication in such cases.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct instruction for the patient taking clopidogrel (Plavix) and aspirin prior to orthopedic surgery is to continue taking aspirin and stop taking clopidogrel 2 weeks before the surgery. This recommendation is based on the pharmacokinetics of clopidogrel, which has a longer duration of action and requires a longer timeframe for platelet function to return to baseline after discontinuation. Aspirin, on the other hand, has a shorter duration of action, and its antiplatelet effects diminish more rapidly once it is stopped. By continuing aspirin and stopping clopidogrel 2 weeks before surgery, the patient can minimize the risk of excessive bleeding during the surgical procedure while still maintaining some level of antiplatelet effect to prevent thrombotic events.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Interleukin 2 is administered intravenously because it is a protein that would be broken down in the digestive system if taken orally. Epoetin alfa, granulocyte colony–stimulating factor (G-CSF), and granulocyte-macrophage colony–stimulating factor (GM-CSF) can be administered subcutaneously. The nurse should ensure proper administration of interleukin 2 and monitor for side effects, such as capillary leak syndrome, which can cause fluid retention and hypotension.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Sunscreen should provide protection against both UVA and UVB radiation and include SPF information (A). UVB radiation is most intense between 10 a.m. and 2 p.m. (B). An SPF of at least 15 is recommended (D). Clouds do not block all radiation, so sunscreen is still needed on cloudy days (C is incorrect).