A client states, 'I get so sick to my stomach after chemo, why can't they just put it directly into my tumor?' what’s the best response?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The best response to the client's statement, "I get so sick to my stomach after chemo, why can't they just put it directly into my tumor?" is option A) that type of therapy does exist, but it does not work for your particular type of cancer. This response is correct because localized chemotherapy, where drugs are delivered directly to a tumor, is a valid treatment approach known as intratumoral therapy. However, not all types of cancer are suitable for this treatment method due to factors such as tumor size, location, and type. It is important for the client to understand that treatment approaches are tailored to their specific cancer diagnosis and characteristics. Option B) is incorrect because technology does exist for localized chemotherapy delivery, such as intratumoral injections or implants. Option C) is incorrect as chemotherapy drugs do target rapidly dividing cells, but they are designed to primarily affect cancer cells while minimizing damage to healthy tissues. Option D) is also incorrect as resistance to chemotherapy can occur due to various factors, but direct tumor delivery is not solely avoided for this reason. Educationally, it is crucial for healthcare providers to communicate effectively with clients about their treatment options and rationale behind specific approaches. Understanding the principles of chemotherapy delivery and individualized treatment plans empowers clients to be active participants in their care and fosters a collaborative healthcare relationship.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Beta-2 adrenergic agonists can exacerbate conditions like tachycardia, hypertension, and angina due to their sympathomimetic effects, which increase heart rate and blood pressure. They should also be used cautiously in diabetes (due to glycogenolysis) and hyperthyroidism (due to increased metabolic rate). PTSD and chronic ulcers are not directly related to these precautions.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of pharmacological lifespan treatment, it is crucial for nurses to understand the specific effects of medications on the body to provide safe and effective care to their patients. In this case, the correct answer is A) glucocorticoids can cause suppression of adrenal gland function. Beclomethasone is a glucocorticoid medication commonly used to treat inflammatory conditions such as asthma. Glucocorticoids, including beclomethasone, can indeed suppress adrenal gland function with prolonged use, leading to adrenal insufficiency. Option B) b2 adrenergic agonists are typically used to treat conditions like asthma and COPD by dilating the airways. While these medications can have systemic effects, they do not directly suppress adrenal gland function like glucocorticoids do. Option C) a 1 adrenergic antagonists are primarily used to treat conditions like hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia. These medications work by blocking alpha-1 adrenergic receptors and do not have a direct impact on adrenal gland function. Option D) adrenal gland function is not affected by beclomethasone is incorrect. As mentioned earlier, glucocorticoids like beclomethasone can indeed lead to suppression of adrenal gland function. Understanding the specific effects of medications is essential for nurses to monitor for potential side effects, provide patient education, and collaborate effectively with other healthcare team members. By knowing the impact of beclomethasone on adrenal gland function, nurses can anticipate and manage complications, ensuring the safety and well-being of their patients receiving this medication.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pharmacological lifespan treatment, it is crucial for nurses to educate clients on the proper use of medications to ensure safety and efficacy. The correct answer, option B - "Change positions slowly," is essential information to include in teaching a client prescribed with codeine due to its potential side effect of orthostatic hypotension. Codeine can cause a decrease in blood pressure when changing positions quickly, leading to dizziness or fainting. By advising the client to change positions slowly, the nurse is promoting client safety and preventing falls or injuries. Option A - "Take on an empty stomach to prevent nausea," is incorrect because codeine can be taken with food to minimize gastrointestinal upset, which is a common side effect of the medication. Advising to take it on an empty stomach may actually increase the risk of nausea. Option C - "Limit alcohol intake to 12 oz daily," is incorrect because alcohol should be avoided altogether while taking codeine as it can enhance the sedative effects of the medication and increase the risk of respiratory depression and other adverse effects. Option D - "Diarrhea is an expected adverse effect," is incorrect as constipation is actually a more common side effect of codeine due to its effects on the gastrointestinal system, not diarrhea. In an educational context, nurses should emphasize the importance of understanding medication side effects, proper administration, and potential drug interactions to ensure the client's safety and well-being. Teaching points should be clear, concise, and tailored to the individual client's needs to promote medication adherence and minimize risks associated with drug therapy.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is A) Direct thrombin inhibitors. These medications work by binding with and inhibiting thrombin, an essential enzyme in the blood clotting process. By preventing thrombin from functioning, these drugs effectively inhibit the formation of blood clots or thrombi. Option B) Vitamin K inhibitors, such as warfarin, work by inhibiting the synthesis of clotting factors in the liver, rather than directly targeting thrombin. They interfere with the activation of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors, thus affecting the clotting cascade differently from direct thrombin inhibitors. Option C) B2 Adrenergic receptor agonists are medications that act on adrenergic receptors and are not directly involved in inhibiting thrombin or preventing thrombus formation. These drugs are used in conditions like asthma to dilate the airways. To provide educational context, understanding the mechanisms of action of different classes of medications is crucial for safe and effective pharmacological treatment. In the case of anticoagulants, knowing how direct thrombin inhibitors work compared to other anticoagulants like vitamin K inhibitors is vital for selecting the appropriate treatment based on the clinical scenario and desired outcome. This knowledge is essential for healthcare professionals to make informed decisions and ensure optimal patient care.