A client's blood test reveals elevated levels of prolactin and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). In discussing these results with the client, the nurse should explain that both of these substances:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Prolactin and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) are both secreted by the anterior pituitary gland prolactin from lactotrophs stimulates milk production, while TSH from thyrotrophs triggers thyroid hormone release for metabolism. Only TSH directly stimulates thyroid function; prolactin targets mammary glands, not thyroid. Milk production involves prolactin, but TSH regulates metabolism, not lactation. Bone growth is influenced by growth hormone (GH), not these two. Their common anterior pituitary origin defines their production site, distinguishing it from functional overlap or unrelated roles, key to understanding pituitary endocrine control.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), from the posterior pituitary, regulates fluid/electrolyte balance by increasing kidney water reabsorption, concentrating urine. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) controls cortisol, luteinizing hormone (LH) governs reproduction neither directly manage fluids/electrolytes. 'All' is incorrect. ADH's role distinguishes it, vital for osmoregulation, contrasting with stress or reproductive hormones.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Cushing's disease results from excess cortisol, often from pituitary ACTH overproduction, causing weight gain, hypertension, and bone loss. Low cortisol (Addison's) or aldosterone imbalances (Conn's syndrome) differ. High cortisol's systemic effects distinguish Cushing's, critical for diagnosis, contrasting with deficiencies or mineralocorticoid issues.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), from atrial walls, reduces blood volume/pressure by promoting sodium/water excretion. Cholecystokinin aids digestion, renin (kidneys) raises pressure, calcitriol (vitamin D) manages calcium. ANP's atrial origin distinguishes it, vital for cardiovascular homeostasis, contrasting with digestive or renal hormones.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) from the anterior pituitary stimulates thyroid hormone release, regulating metabolism. ADH (vasopressin) and oxytocin, made in the hypothalamus, are stored/released by the posterior pituitary, managing water and lactation. Cortisol, an adrenal cortex glucocorticoid, responds to anterior pituitary ACTH, not a pituitary hormone itself. TSH's anterior origin and tropic role distinguish it, essential for pituitary-thyroid axis, unlike posterior or target gland products.