A client is starting therapy with Metformin. Which of the following instructions should the nurse include?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pharmacology, understanding the administration instructions for medications is crucial to ensure their efficacy and safety. In the case of Metformin, the correct instruction to take the medication with the first bite of food is essential. Metformin is an oral antidiabetic medication that helps manage blood sugar levels. Taking it with food helps reduce the gastrointestinal side effects commonly associated with Metformin, such as nausea and diarrhea. Option B, taking Metformin on an empty stomach, is incorrect because it can exacerbate the gastrointestinal side effects of the medication. Option C, taking Metformin before bedtime, is also incorrect as it may increase the risk of hypoglycemia during sleep. Option D, taking the medication every other day, is incorrect as Metformin is typically prescribed for daily use to maintain consistent blood sugar control. Educationally, this rationale highlights the importance of understanding medication administration instructions to optimize therapeutic outcomes and minimize adverse effects. It emphasizes the need for nurses to provide clear and accurate instructions to clients starting new medications to promote medication adherence and patient safety.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct instruction is to apply the Nitroglycerin transdermal patch to a hairless area of skin. This is important for proper absorption of the medication. Additionally, rotating the patch to different sites each day helps prevent skin irritation and ensures optimal therapeutic effect. Applying the patch to the same site each day can lead to skin irritation or tolerance development. Removing the patch at night is not necessary as the patch is typically worn continuously to provide a consistent level of medication. Covering the patch with a heating pad is contraindicated as it can increase drug absorption, potentially leading to adverse effects.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the case of a client prescribed Diltiazem, the nurse should monitor for bradycardia. Diltiazem is a calcium channel blocker that works by slowing the heart rate and reducing blood pressure. Therefore, bradycardia, or a slow heart rate, can be an expected effect of this medication. Monitoring for bradycardia is important to ensure that the client is not experiencing a dangerously slow heart rate that could compromise perfusion. The other options can be ruled out based on the pharmacological actions of Diltiazem. Tachycardia (option A) is unlikely because Diltiazem works to slow the heart rate. Hypertension (option C) is also unlikely as Diltiazem is used to treat high blood pressure. Hyperkalemia (option D) is not a direct effect of Diltiazem, as it does not typically impact potassium levels in the body. Educationally, understanding the pharmacological effects of medications is crucial for nurses to provide safe and effective care to their patients. By knowing the expected outcomes and potential side effects of medications like Diltiazem, nurses can monitor for and address any complications that may arise, ensuring the best possible outcomes for their clients.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of pharmacology, it is crucial for healthcare providers to understand the specific monitoring requirements for medications to ensure patient safety and effective treatment. In the case of Digoxin, which is commonly prescribed for heart conditions, monitoring potassium levels is essential to assess for potential toxicity. Digoxin works by increasing intracellular calcium levels, and hypokalemia can potentiate its toxicity, leading to serious cardiac complications such as arrhythmias. Monitoring sodium levels (option A) is not directly related to Digoxin toxicity. While sodium imbalances can impact heart function, it is not the primary concern when monitoring for Digoxin toxicity. Similarly, monitoring magnesium levels (option C) is important for some medications but is not a primary concern for Digoxin toxicity. Magnesium imbalances can also affect cardiac function, but they are not the main focus when assessing Digoxin toxicity. Monitoring calcium levels (option D) is not typically required when assessing Digoxin toxicity. Calcium levels can influence cardiac contractility, but they are not directly linked to Digoxin toxicity as potassium levels are. Educationally, understanding the rationale behind monitoring potassium levels in Digoxin therapy highlights the interconnectedness of electrolytes and medications in pharmacology. It emphasizes the importance of comprehensive patient assessment and monitoring to prevent adverse drug reactions and ensure optimal therapeutic outcomes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Nifedipine, a calcium channel blocker, can lead to peripheral edema as an adverse effect. The nurse should monitor the client for swelling in the lower extremities, as it indicates the onset of edema. Hypertension is typically treated with Nifedipine and is not an adverse effect of the medication. Hyperglycemia and bradycardia are not commonly associated with Nifedipine use.