A client is in the hospital and has received two doses of an angiotensin-converting enzyme for hypertension. When the nurse answers the client's call light, the client presents an appearance as shown below: What action by the nurse takes is most appropriate?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct action by the nurse is to ensure a patent airway while calling the Rapid Response Team (Choice C). This is because the client is showing signs of angioedema, a potential adverse reaction to angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. Angioedema can lead to airway compromise and respiratory distress, hence ensuring a patent airway is crucial. Additionally, calling the Rapid Response Team will allow for immediate medical intervention and monitoring of the client's condition. Choice A (Administer epinephrine) is incorrect as epinephrine is not the first-line treatment for angioedema associated with ACE inhibitors. Choice B (Apply oxygen) is not sufficient to address the potential airway compromise. Choice D (Reassure the client) is inappropriate as the client's condition requires immediate action to address the potential airway obstruction.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Lupus. Lupus is a systemic autoimmune disease that can affect multiple organs and tissues throughout the body, rather than being specific to a single organ. Multiple sclerosis (A) is a neurological autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system. Diabetes (C) is an autoimmune disease that affects the pancreas. Hashimoto's thyroiditis (D) is an autoimmune disease targeting the thyroid gland. Lupus does not specifically target a single organ, making it the correct choice.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because vaccines using attenuated HIV virus are not in a "phase II" clinical trial. Attenuated virus vaccines are risky due to potential reversion to virulence. A: True, Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest HIV prevalence. C: CD4+ counts decline during clinical latency. D: Viral RNA titer increases in the final stages.

Correct Answer: E

Rationale: The correct answer to the question linking the cytokine storm associated with SARS and Avian Flu to is option E) Dysregulation of the immune response. This answer is correct because a cytokine storm is an overactive immune response where the body releases excessive levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, leading to systemic inflammation and tissue damage. In the context of SARS and Avian Flu, this dysregulation can result in a cytokine storm, contributing to the severity of the diseases. Option A) Elevated levels of ROS during these infections in the lung is incorrect because while reactive oxygen species (ROS) can contribute to tissue damage, it is not directly linked to the cytokine storm in these specific infections. Option B) Elevated levels of acute phase proteins is incorrect because acute phase proteins are part of the innate immune response but are not directly responsible for the cytokine storm seen in SARS and Avian Flu. Option C) Formation of the inflammasome through activation of NLRP3 is incorrect because while the inflammasome plays a role in inflammatory responses, it is not the primary mechanism behind the cytokine storm in these infections. Option D) Recognition of oxidized forms of a host lipid called PAPC by TLR4 is incorrect because this mechanism is specific to lipid metabolism and TLR4 signaling, not directly related to the cytokine storm observed in SARS and Avian Flu. In an educational context, understanding the mechanisms underlying cytokine storms is crucial for healthcare professionals to effectively manage and treat severe infections. Recognizing the triggers and pathways involved in excessive immune responses can guide therapeutic interventions to mitigate the detrimental effects of cytokine storms.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why answer D is correct: 1. Crohn's disease is characterized by chronic inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. 2. It is associated with dysregulation of the immune response to gut flora. 3. Overgrowth of gut commensal flora can trigger and exacerbate inflammation in Crohn's disease. 4. Choices A, B, and C do not directly relate to the pathophysiology of Crohn's disease, making them incorrect.