A client is diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). After recovering from the initial shock of the diagnosis, the client expresses a desire to learn as much as possible about HIV and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). When teaching the client about the immune system, the nurse states that adaptive immunity is provide by which type of white blood cell?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Lymphocytes are the type of white blood cells that provide adaptive immunity. There are two main types of lymphocytes: B cells and T cells. B cells produce antibodies that can specifically recognize and target certain pathogens (including HIV), while T cells have various functions in the immune response, such as directly killing infected cells or helping other immune cells. Adaptive immunity is characterized by the body's ability to remember specific pathogens and mount a targeted response upon subsequent exposures. In the context of HIV and AIDS, understanding the role of lymphocytes in adaptive immunity is essential for the client to comprehend how the virus affects the immune system and why immune function becomes compromised over time.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The causative agent of HIV/AIDS is the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). HIV infects and kills the immune system's CD4 T cells, weakening the immune system and making the body more susceptible to infections and certain cancers. The virus is primarily transmitted through sexual contact, exposure to infected blood, sharing needles, and from mother to child during childbirth or breastfeeding. Trichomonas vaginalis, Treponema pallidum, and Chlamydia trachomatis are all different microorganisms that are not responsible for causing HIV/AIDS.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In children with hemophilia, the most common site for bleeding is at the ends of the long bones, such as the joints (especially the knees, elbows, and ankles). This is due to the joints being more prone to injury and stress during physical activities. As a result, spontaneous bleeding or bleeding following minor trauma can occur at these sites. Internal bleeding in the cerebrum or intestines is less common in children with hemophilia compared to bleeding in the joints.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: When assessing a client with a disorder of the hematopoietic or lymphatic system, obtaining a dietary history is important because compromised nutrition can interfere with the production of blood cells and hemoglobin. Hematopoiesis, the process of blood cell formation, requires adequate nutrition to support the production of red and white blood cells, as well as platelets. Nutrient deficiencies, such as iron, vitamin B12, and folate, can lead to anemia, which affects the oxygen-carrying capacity of red blood cells. Therefore, understanding the client's dietary intake can help the nurse identify any potential deficiencies or excessive intake that may be impacting hematopoiesis.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In a client with low blood volume, a decrease in blood pressure and a rapid heart rate can indicate hypovolemia, which is a condition characterized by a decreased volume of circulating blood. This can lead to inadequate perfusion of vital organs, including the kidneys (choice C), as well as other tissues throughout the body. If left unaddressed, severe hypovolemia can progress to shock, a critical condition where there is inadequate blood flow to meet the body's metabolic demands. This can result in organ dysfunction and potentially life-threatening complications. Therefore, the implications of decreasing blood pressure and a rapid heart rate in a client with low blood volume are indicative of hypovolemia and the potential development of shock.