A client has a new prescription for Spironolactone. Which of the following findings should the nurse monitor as an adverse effect?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pharmacology, understanding potential adverse effects of medications is crucial for safe patient care. In the case of Spironolactone, a potassium-sparing diuretic, the correct adverse effect to monitor is hyperkalemia (option A). Spironolactone works by blocking the aldosterone receptor, leading to decreased sodium reabsorption and potassium retention. This mechanism can result in elevated potassium levels, which can be dangerous and lead to cardiac arrhythmias. Hypoglycemia (option B) is not a common adverse effect of Spironolactone. Hypocalcemia (option C) and hyponatremia (option D) are also not typically associated with Spironolactone use. Educationally, understanding the pharmacological actions of medications helps nurses assess for potential adverse effects, intervene promptly, and provide patient education. Monitoring for hyperkalemia in clients taking Spironolactone is essential to prevent complications and ensure patient safety. Nurses should be vigilant in assessing electrolyte levels and educating clients on signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pharmacology, it is crucial to provide accurate discharge teaching to ensure patient safety and medication effectiveness. In the case of Alendronate, the correct instruction is to remain upright for 30 minutes after taking the medication. This is because Alendronate is a bisphosphonate used to treat osteoporosis by inhibiting bone resorption. Remaining upright helps prevent esophageal irritation and reduces the risk of esophageal ulcers, a common side effect of this medication. Option A, taking the medication at bedtime, is incorrect because Alendronate should be taken in the morning on an empty stomach with a full glass of water to enhance absorption. Option C, taking the medication with food, is also incorrect as it can decrease the absorption of Alendronate. Option D, increasing intake of calcium-rich foods, is not relevant to the administration of Alendronate but is important for overall bone health. Educationally, understanding the rationale behind specific medication instructions is essential for nursing practice. It ensures that nurses can provide accurate information to patients, promote medication compliance, and prevent potential complications. By grasping the pharmacokinetics and administration principles of medications like Alendronate, nurses can contribute to improving patient outcomes and safety.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that can increase the risk of bleeding when taken with Warfarin due to its antiplatelet effects. The combination of Warfarin, an anticoagulant, and NSAIDs can potentiate the risk of bleeding complications. Clients on Warfarin should avoid NSAIDs and opt for alternative pain relief options to minimize the risk of adverse effects.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is C) Avoid drinking grapefruit juice. Verapamil is a calcium channel blocker commonly prescribed to manage hypertension, angina, and certain cardiac arrhythmias. Grapefruit juice inhibits the enzyme CYP3A4 in the liver, which can lead to increased levels of Verapamil in the bloodstream, causing potential toxicity or adverse effects. Option A) Take this medication at bedtime is incorrect as Verapamil is typically prescribed to be taken at specific times based on the condition being treated to maintain therapeutic levels throughout the day. Option B) Monitor for signs of hyperglycemia is irrelevant to Verapamil as it does not directly impact blood sugar levels. Option D) Increase your intake of potassium-rich foods is also incorrect as Verapamil does not typically affect potassium levels in the body. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of understanding drug-food interactions and the significance of providing clear instructions to clients to ensure safe and effective medication therapy. Nurses must educate clients on potential interactions to prevent adverse outcomes and promote medication adherence.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pharmacology, understanding the potential side effects and monitoring parameters of specific medications is crucial for safe and effective patient care. In this case, the correct answer is A) Serum potassium when a client is prescribed Losartan, which is an angiotensin II receptor blocker commonly used to treat hypertension. Losartan, like other medications in its class, can cause potassium retention as a side effect. Monitoring serum potassium levels is essential to prevent hyperkalemia, which can lead to serious cardiac arrhythmias. The incorrect options (B) Serum sodium, (C) Serum calcium, and (D) Serum magnesium are not directly affected by Losartan. Understanding the specific laboratory values to monitor for each medication helps nurses and healthcare providers ensure patient safety and detect and manage potential adverse effects promptly. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of medication-specific monitoring parameters in pharmacology practice. It reinforces the need for nurses to have a solid understanding of pharmacokinetics and potential side effects of medications to provide safe and effective patient care.