A client has a new prescription for hydrochlorothiazide to treat hypertension. Which of the following instructions should be included?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pharmacology, it is crucial to provide accurate and detailed instructions to patients to ensure the safe and effective use of medications. In the case of hydrochlorothiazide, a diuretic commonly used to treat hypertension, the correct instruction to include is to increase intake of potassium-rich foods. This is because hydrochlorothiazide can deplete potassium levels in the body, leading to hypokalemia. By increasing potassium-rich foods such as bananas, oranges, spinach, and potatoes, the patient can help maintain their potassium levels within the normal range. Option A, taking the medication in the morning, is not specifically related to hydrochlorothiazide but rather a general instruction for some medications. Hydrochlorothiazide can be taken at any time of the day, so this instruction is not a priority. Option C, avoiding sun exposure while taking the medication, is unrelated to hydrochlorothiazide use. This instruction may be relevant for certain medications that increase sensitivity to sunlight, but it is not applicable in this case. Option D, limiting fluid intake to 1 liter per day, is incorrect because hydrochlorothiazide is a diuretic that increases urination to reduce fluid retention. Restricting fluid intake too severely can lead to dehydration, which is not advisable while taking this medication. Educationally, understanding the rationale behind each instruction helps students grasp the importance of patient education in pharmacology. By explaining why certain instructions are correct and others are not, students can develop critical thinking skills in applying pharmacological knowledge to real-world scenarios, ultimately ensuring safe and effective patient care.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Clients prescribed furosemide are at risk for orthostatic hypotension, a sudden drop in blood pressure when changing positions. Advising the client to stand up slowly can help prevent this complication. Instructing the client to avoid rapid position changes decreases the likelihood of dizziness or fainting episodes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct laboratory test to monitor the therapeutic effect of warfarin is the PT/INR. Warfarin affects blood clotting, and the PT/INR levels indicate the effectiveness of the medication in preventing clot formation. Therefore, monitoring PT/INR levels helps ensure that the client is within the therapeutic range and is protected from potential complications related to clotting.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of pharmacology, the correct answer for a client starting a new prescription for ferrous sulfate is option C: Take the medication with orange juice to enhance absorption. Ferrous sulfate is an iron supplement commonly prescribed to treat or prevent iron deficiency anemia. Orange juice, or other sources of vitamin C, can help enhance the absorption of iron due to its acidic nature, which aids in converting iron into a more absorbable form. Option A, taking the medication with meals, is not ideal for ferrous sulfate as it may decrease absorption due to interactions with food components like calcium and tannins. Option B, taking the medication on an empty stomach, might cause gastrointestinal upset in some individuals. Option D, taking the medication with a full glass of milk, is incorrect because calcium in milk can interfere with the absorption of iron. Educationally, it is crucial for nurses and healthcare professionals to understand the impact of food and beverages on medication absorption to ensure optimal therapeutic outcomes for their patients. Providing accurate instructions on how to take medications can significantly influence treatment effectiveness and patient compliance.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Metoprolol, a beta-blocker, is contraindicated in clients with bradycardia as it can further lower the heart rate, potentially leading to more serious complications. Bradycardia is defined as a heart rate below 60 beats per minute and administering metoprolol in such cases can exacerbate this condition, causing adverse effects on cardiac output.